 Computer Instruction

 Instruction are set of basic code or command that instruct the

computer to perform specific task.
If user gives print command in MS word this print is instruction to
default printer to print current page from default printer.
 To make work of hardware we need such kind of instruction.
 Computer Program
Computer program is a collection of related instruction (codes) to
perform one or more task.
User clicks on file menu in MS word , it get opened with various
options like new, save , print, etc.
It could be a program (set of instruction) to open and show the
option in menu.
 SOFTWARE
 Software is collection of program and programs consists of the
instructions that tell the hardware how to perform certain task.
These instruction are developed by software developer in the form
that will be accepted by computer system.
Software acts as an interface between the user and the computer
system,
For eg: Ms word, ms excel, Powerpnt.
 Program vs Software
Program Software

The set of instructions that instructs the The set of computer program with an
computer to perform the specific task is associated documentation is software.
program
A program Is independent of its own For developing software collection
programs is needed.
It is created by single programmer. It is developed by a group of programmers
as a team work.
Normally license is not required to use Generally license is required to use
program commercial software.
Small in size and demands less memory Large in size and demands more resource
during execution. during execution.
Can not be categorized according to needs Categorized as system, application and
and use. utility software.
Example: C program to find prime number Example: Word, Windows, Photoshop etc
 Types of software

Utility S/w
 Application Software
The software that is written by the user to solve a specific user
oriented problem using computer is known as application software.
Application software may be a single program or a set of programs.
Application software is written for different kind of applications like
word processing, media player, database, graphics,
telecommunication, accounting etc.
Examples : Ms-Word, Ms-Excel, CAD, Oracle, Chrome etc
 Packaged Software
An application software the is designed and developed for general
purpose is called packaged software.
It is also called universal software.
 Word processing s/w: (MS word, Notepad, WordPad, pages )
Database s/w : (MS Access, Oracle, etc)
Spreadsheet s/w: Apple numbers, Excel, Lotus 1,2,3 etc.
 Multimedia S/w: (Audio converters, burners, Players, video encoders
and decoders , Media players.
 Presentation software: Ms PowerPoint, Keynote)
 Tailored Software
Tailored (customized) software is the application software that is
designed and developed to meet specific requirements of an
organization or individuals.
It is user oriented.
 It serves only one kind of users or organizations.
 Examples: billing software for college, traffic control system,
accounting software for banks etc.
 System Software
System software provides the basic functions that are
performed by the computer. It is necessary for the
functioning of computer.
The system software interacts with hardware and
application software.
It is a group of programs that direct the internal
operations of computer system such as controlling I/O
devices, managing the storages area, scheduling and
execution of all processes etc.
 Utility Software
 Utility s/w is software designed to help analyze optimize or
maintain a computer resources.
Some example of utility s/w are :
Virus scanning s/w, Antivirus: It protects computers from
computer viruses.
a. Scandisk: IT scans disks for any bad disk areas.
b. Backup s/w: It helps in making copies of your files. (R-drive
image)
c. Debuggers : Used to mainly to solve programming errors.
(Eclipse Debugger)
d. Disk defragmenter s/w: Reduces the degree of
fragmentation.
e. File manager: Data management, Management tasks and
email recovery.
 Language Processors
 It is a special kind of computer s/w which translate the program
written in one language into another language.
It is compulsory for both low level language and high level language.
The type of language translators are:
1. Compiler
2. Interpreter
3. Assembler
 Compiler
 A compiler is a translator that translates high-level language
program which is called source code into machine language.
 Compiler translates whole program at once and produce errors if
any.
 The compiler derives its name from the way it works, looking at the
entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the
instructions.
 Some of the most used compiled languages are C, C++, FORTRAN.
 Interpreter
 The work of interpreter is also same as compiler.
 It is also used for converting the code of high level language program
into machine level language but it checks the errors of program
statement by statement without looking at the entire program at a
time.
After checking one statement, it converts that statement into
machine code and executes that statement.
Translation and execution occur immediately, one after another, one
statement at a time. It is usually easy to code and test.
Example : python, php, perl etc
 Assembler
 An assembler is a language translator which accept program written
in assembly language and produce equivalent machine code as its
output.
It is required because computer can understand only machine
language.
It is a system software.
 Operating System
An operating system is an integrated set of programs that is used to
manage the various resources and overall operation of the computer
system.
 It acts a mediator between users of computer and computer &
hardware software.
 Without the operating system no other programs such as
spreadsheet s/w , word processing s/w , etc can be run.
Example : windows 7/8/10, linux, unix, mac os etc.
 Operating System
Relationships of OS with hardware and application
 Operating system. (Types)
 Time sharing OS:
More than one processes are being executed at a particular time with
the help of time sharing concept.
 Since equal time quantum is given to each process, so each process
gets equal opportunity to execute.
For eg: multics , Unix
 operating system. (Types)
 Batch Operating system:
 User do not interact directly.
 Users prepare their jobs on an off line device like punch card or tape
and submit to computer operator.
Operator combine similar jobs into one batch to speed up the
processing. For eg: payroll system , bank statement etc.
 Operating system. (Types)
 Multitasking Operating system:
 Operating systems that are able to execute more than one task
simultaneously on a single processor.
 For example, any editing task can be performed while other
programs are executing concurrently. Other example user can open
Gmail and power point same time.
 For eg: Windows 10, linux
 Operating system. (Types)
 Multiprocessing Operating system:
 There are more than one processor which work parallel to perform
the required operations.
Multiple program are executed in different processor or CPUs at the
same time , then it is called multiprocessing.
 The main motive of multiprocessing is to increase computation
speed.
 Operating system. (Types)
 Distributed Operating system:
 In distributed operating system, have various system and all these
systems have their own CPU, main memory, secondary Memory and
resources. .
These Systems are connected to each other using a shared
communication network. .
Each system can perform its task individually.
One user can access the data of the other system and can work
accordingly , so remote access is possible in these Distributed
operating system.
 Operating system. (Types)
 Distributed Operating system:
 Operating system. (Types)
 Network Operating system:
Designed for the sole purpose of supporting workstations, database
sharing, application sharing and file and printer access sharing among
multiple computers in network.
 Some of the most well known network operating system include
Microsoft windows server 2003, Microsoft window server 2008, Linux
and mac os x.
 Operating system. (Types)
 Real Time operating system:
 Any system in which a timely response by the computer.
Real time operating system must perform tasks in well defined and
fixed time constraints otherwise system will fail.
 example of some real time system are as follow:
Microwave oven , Industrial process control, Missile tracking system, Air
traffic control system etc.
There are two types of real time operating system.
 Operating system. (Types)
 Real Time operating system:
There are two types of real time operating system.
a. Hard real time system:
A system crashes if the deadline is not met by the task.

b. Soft real time system:

Here utility value becomes less/drops with time.
.
 Operating system. (Types)
 Embedded operating System.
 An embedded operating system is designed to perform a specific
task for a particular device which is not a computer.
For eg: software used in elevators, automobiles, refrigerator, Air
conditions etc.
.
 Function of operating
system.
 Process Management
Memory Management
File Management
Device Management
Security and protection
 Function of operating
system.
 Process Management
Memory Management
File Management
Device Management
Security and protection
 Function of operating system
 Process Management
A set of instruction stored in secondary storage device is called
program.
A process is basically a program in execution.
 Process management.
Keeps status of processes.
Interprocess communication.
 Function of operating system
 Memory Management .
A Management of main memory or primary memory.
Keep track what part is used and what part is not used.
 Allocating and deallocating memory for process.
 Managing virtual memory.
 Managing free space.
 Function of operating system
 File Management .
All the files with different extensions are managed by operating
system.
A file is collection of specific information stored in the memory of
computer system.
 Naming files.
Defining File structure.
Defining File access methods
 Defining File attributes and operations.
 Storing and handling files.
 Function of operating system
 Device Management .
 Manage communication with device through driver.
Keep track all devices with the help of program called I/O controller.
Decide which process get devices and when and how much .
 Handling input / output.
Handling Errors.
 Function of operating system
 Security and protection .
 Mechanism to control the access to resources are controlled.
I/O devices are protected from invalid access.
 Authentication Mechanism.
 Open Source Operating
System.
 Refers to program or software in which the source code (Written by
programmer is available ) to the general public for free use.
Open source refers to the computer software or applications where
the owners or copyright holders allow the users or third party to see,
use and provide the right to modify the source code of the product.
 for eg: operating system( Linux , Symbian) server (joomla , Apache )
programming language (PHP, Python ) , Android (App)
 Programming Language
A programming language is a computer language that is used
by programmers (developers) to communicate with computers.
 It is a set of instructions written in any specific language ( C, C++,
Java, Python) to perform a specific task.
Programming languages can be used to create computer programs.