ORE MINERALS
Describe how ore minerals are found,
mined, and processed for human use.
Rock Seam or 2
Ore
It is a natural rock or
sediment containing one or
more valuable mineral.
It is a metalliferous mineral,
an
or aggregate of
metalliferous minerals
and gangue (associated rock Chrysotile Asbestos Mineral Seam in
of no economic value), that can Rock
Mineral 3
Ores
These are rock deposits that contain
minerals.
Mineral 4
Ores
These are rock deposits that contain
minerals.
Mineral and Ore 5
Deposit
Mineral deposit designates a
natural occurrence of a useful
mineral. It is a “geologic term”.
Ore deposit denotes a mineral
deposit of sufficient extent and
concentration to invite
exploitation. It is an “economic
term”. Map of Mineral Deposits in the
Philippines
6
Typical
development
workings of an
underground
mine.
How Minerals
are Found?
“Mineral 7
Exploration”
Mineral 8
Exploration
It is a complete
sequence of activities
which aims to discover
deposits of minerals
and rocks that can be
used to meet the
resource needs of
society
1) Project 9
Design
This is the initial stage in formulating a
project.
This involves review of all
available data (geologic
reports, mining history,
maps, etc.), government
requirements in acquiring
and economic
the project, acceptability
review of
of social,
the project, and
environmental, budget and
political,
organization proposals. alaskajournal.co
m
2) Field 1
0
Exploration
This stage involves physical activities in the selected
project area. This can be subdivided into three (3)
phases:
A. Regional Reconnaissance - The main objective is to
identify targets or interesting mineralized zones covering a relatively large area
(regional).
B. Detailed Exploration - This involves more detailed surface
and subsurface activities with the objective of finding and delineating targets or
mineralized zones.
2) Field 1
1
Exploration
This stage involves physical activities in the selected
project area. This can be subdivided into three (3)
phases:
Regional Detailed Exploration Prospect Evaluation
Reconnaissance
3) Pre-production Feasibility 1
Study 2
The feasibility study determines and
validates the accuracy of all data and
information collected from the
different stages.
The purpose is for independent
to satisfy interested investors to rais
assessors
funds and bring the project e
production. int
o
How Minerals
are Mined?
“Different Types of 1
3
Mining”
History of 1
4
Mining
Archaeological discoveries indicate that
mining was conducted in prehistoric times.
Flint – the first mineral
used. It is because of its
conchoidal fracturing pattern,
could be broken into sharp-
edged pieces that were useful as
scrapers, knives, and
Mini 1
5
ng
It is the process of mineral extraction
from a rock seam or ore.
It is the process of
extracting useful
minerals from the
surface of the
Earth, including
the seas.
Types of 1
6
Mining
Two (2) Main Methods of
Mining
1) Surface Mining
a) Open-Pit Mining
b) Dredging
c) Strip Mining
d) Quarrying
e) Placer Mining
1
7
Types of 1
8
1)Mining
Surface Mining - Utilized to extract ore minerals that are close
to Earth’s
surface. There are different types which includes:
Open-pit mining –
It is the most common. It
means a big hole (or pit) in
the ground. The pit in mine
is created by blasting with
explosives and drilling. It is
used to mine gravel and
Types of 1
9
1)Mining
Surface Mining
Dredging – It is the
process of mining materials
from
bottom the
of a bodyof
includin water,
g rivers, lakes,
oceans. and
Types of 2
0
1)Mining
Surface Mining
Strip mining – It
involves the removal of a thin strip
of overburden (earth or soil) above
a desired the
dumpin deposit,
removed
g theoverburden
deposit, th
behind extracting
deposit, creating a e
desired second,
parallel strip in the same manner,
and depositing the waste materials This mining method is used for
from that second (new) strip onto coal, phosphates, clays, and
the first strip. tar mining.
Types of 2
1
1)Mining
Surface
Mining
Placer
Mining –
It is mining of
stream bed
(alluvial) deposits
for minerals. This
may be done by
Types of 2
2
2)Mining
Underground Mining - Utilized to extract
ore minerals from the orebody is that is deep under
the Earth’s surface.
How Minerals
are processed
for human
“Milling use?
or Mineral 2
3
Processing”
2
4
Milling or Mineral 2
5
Processing
It is the process of extracting minerals
from the ore, refining them, and
preparing these minerals for use.
It is an art of treating crude ores and
mineral products in order to separate
the valuable minerals from the waste
rock, or gangue.
Milling or Mineral 2
6
Processing
Primary Steps in Processing
Minerals
1. Sampling - is the removal of a portion which represents a whole
needed for the analysis of this material.
2. Analysis - is important to evaluate the valuable component in an ore. This
includes
chemical, mineral and is the process
particle where the valuable components of the
size analysis.
ore are
3. Comminution
separated through crushing
grinding.
- and
4. Concentration - involves the separation of the valuable minerals from
the raw This involve filtration and sedimentation of the
materials suspension
drying of the solid materials and from this
harvested
suspension.
Milling or Mineral 2
7
Processing
Examples of Milling or Recovery Methods or
Processes:
1. Heavy Media Separation - The crushed rocks are submerged in
liquid where the heavier/denser minerals sink thus are separated from the
lighter minerals.
2. Magnetic Separation - If the metal or mineral is magnetic, the
crushed ore is The powdered ore is placed into an agitated and frothy slurry
separated
some minerals where
fromand
the waste materials
metals based onusing a powerful
physical magnet.
and chemical properties may either
3. Flotation -
sink to the bottom or may stick to the bubbles and rise to the top thus
separating the minerals and metals from the waste.
4. Cyanide Heap Leaching - This method used for low-grade gold ore
where
the crushed rock is placed on a “leach pile” where cyanide solution is sprayed or
2
8
2
9
3
0
3
1
Ore 3
2
Minerals
How Ore Minerals are
Found?
How Ore Minerals are
Mined?
How Ore Minerals are
REFERENC 3
3
ES
Bayo-ang, R., Coronacion, M., Jorda, A., & Restubog,
A. (2016). Earth and Life Science for Senior High
School. (M. Moncada, Ed.) Quezon City, Philippines:
Educational Resources Corporation.
Pascual, C. B., & Cadiz, A. P. (2017). Fundamentals of
Earth & Life Science. Manila, Philippines:
Mindshapers Co., Inc.
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Various internet sources
