NUTRITION & DIETETICS I
TERM 1 – Module
11
Organization of the human
body System
Human Organ
Dr MISHI WASSON
1-06-2025
Respiratory System
Gas Exchange: Inhalation: Air is drawn
into the lungs, where oxygen diffuses
into the bloodstream.
Exhalation: Carbon dioxide, a waste
Function of product of cellular respiration, diffuses
from the blood into the lungs and is
Respiratory exhaled.
System • Filtering: The nose and nasal passages filter air,
trapping dust and other particles before they
reach the lungs.
• Warming and Moistening: The respiratory
system warms and humidifies the air to protect
the lungs from damage.
• Protection: Mucus and cilia (tiny hairs) in the
respiratory tract help trap and remove
pathogens and irritants.
Voice Production: The larynx, or voice box, plays a key
role in generating sound for speech through the vibration
of vocal cords.
Olfaction (Sense of Smell): The nasal cavities contain
olfactory receptors, responsible for detecting odors.
Function of
Other Functions:
Respiratory
System Regulation of Acid-Base Balance: The respiratory system
helps maintain the body's pH balance.
Thermoregulation: Breathing can help regulate body
temperature.
Water Elimination: Some water is lost through exhaled
air.
Gas Exchange in the lungs occurs through the process of
DIFFUSION
High concentration of oxygen (O2) moves out of lungs into
blood to balance concentration.
CO2 does the opposite (moves from blood to lungs)
The Lungs are only air sacs. In order for them to
move they must work together with a muscle
known as the Diaphragm
Air inhaled Air
exhaled
Rib cage Rib cage
rises lowers
Diaphrag Diaphragm
m
Exhalation
Inhalation
Waste Removal: The system eliminates
nitrogenous wastes like urea, uric acid, and
ammonia, as well as other metabolic byproducts
through urine.
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: It regulates the
water content and electrolyte levels in the body,
ensuring proper balance.
Excretory Blood Pressure Regulation: The kidneys, a key part
of the excretory system, play a role in regulating
System blood pressure by controlling blood volume.
pH Regulation: The excretory system helps
maintain the body's acid-base balance by excreting
hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate from
urine.
Hormone Production: The kidneys also produce and
release hormones like erythropoietin (for red blood
cell production) and renin (which helps regulate
blood pressure).
Muscular System
Skeletal muscles work in opposing
pairs. When one muscle contracts,
the other relaxes.
Movement
Biceps (relaxed)
Biceps
Movement
(contracted)
Triceps (contracted) Triceps (relaxed)
Interesting Facts…
• There are nearly 600 skeletal muscles that make up nearly half of the
total body weight in the human.
• Energy is stored in the muscles in a chemical called ATP.
• Lactic acid is released when the muscles are overworked and lack O2,
making the muscles hurt or ache.
• Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
• The biggest muscles in the body are the gluteus maximus muscles
(buttocks), but the muscle that can exert the most force is the masseter
(jaw muscle).
Skeletal System
Support: The skeletal system provides the framework for the body,
giving it shape and allowing it to stand upright.
Movement: Bones work with muscles and joints to enable a wide
range of body movements.
Protection: The skull protects the brain, the rib cage protects the
heart and lungs, and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
Production of Blood Cells: Bone marrow, located within bones, is
the site where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are
produced.
Storage of Minerals: Bones store minerals like calcium and
phosphorus, which are essential for various bodily functions.
Endocrine Regulation: Bones can influence hormone production,
affecting functions like glucose metabolism and muscle function
Structural Classification
Fibrous Joints / Synarthroses (Immovable)
• These joints connect bones with dense fibrous tissue, allowing little
to no movement. Examples include sutures in the skull,
syndesmoses (like the interosseous membrane between the radius
and ulna), and gomphoses (like teeth in their sockets).
Cartilaginous Joints Amphiarthroses (Slightly
Movable)
• Bones are connected by cartilage, allowing limited movement.
These include synchondroses (like the growth plate between the
epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone) and symphyses (like the
pubic symphysis).
Synovial Joints / Diarthroses (Freely Movable)
• These are the most movable joints, featuring a synovial cavity filled
with synovial fluid, allowing bones to articulate freely.
Types of Synovial Joints
• Ball-and-socket: Allows movement in
all directions (e.g., hip and shoulder).
• Hinge: Allows movement in one plane
(e.g., elbow and knee).
• Saddle: Allows movement in two
planes (e.g., carpometacarpal joint of
the thumb).
• Pivot: Allows rotational movement
around a single axis (e.g., neck).
• Condyloid (Ellipsoidal): Allows
movement in two planes, but not axial
rotation (e.g., wrist and finger joints).
• Gliding (Plane): Allows sliding or
gliding movements (e.g., between
carpals).
Key functions of the reproductive system:
Production of gametes: The male reproductive system produces sperm, and the
female reproductive system produces eggs (ova).
Transport of gametes: The male system transports sperm to the female
reproductive system, while the female system transports eggs to the site of
fertilization.
Fertilization: The sperm and egg unite (fertilization) to form a zygote, the first
stage of an embryo.
Nurturing the developing offspring: In females, the uterus provides a place for
the developing embryo and fetus to grow and develop, and the placenta provides
nourishment.
Production of sex hormones: Both male and female reproductive systems
produce hormones like testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, which are
crucial for sexual development and function.
Menstruation: In females, the uterine lining (endometrium) sheds monthly if
fertilization does not occur, a process known as menstruation.
Nervous system
Sensory Input and Processing:
• The nervous system receives information from the environment and the
body's internal organs through sensory receptors.
• This information is then sent to the central nervous system (brain and
spinal cord) for processing.
• The brain interprets the sensory input, enabling us to perceive the world
around us.
Integration and Coordination:
• The brain integrates sensory information from different sources and
processes it.
• This allows the body to respond appropriately to stimuli and maintain
homeostasis (a stable internal environment).
Motor Output and Regulation:
• The brain and spinal cord send signals to muscles and glands, causing
them to contract or secrete substances.
• This enables movement, reflexes, and the regulation of body functions like
breathing, heart rate, and digestion.
Higher Functions:
• The nervous system is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as
thinking, learning, memory, and consciousness.
• It also plays a role in emotions and feelings.
(CEREBUM)
Endocrine System
Hormone Production and Regulation:
• Endocrine glands, like the thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands, produce and release
hormones directly into the bloodstream.
• These hormones travel throughout the body, reaching target cells and tissues.
• The endocrine system continuously monitors hormone levels to maintain balance and
Regulation of functioning.
ensure proper Growth and Development:
• Hormones like growth hormone (GH) and thyroid hormones regulate growth and
development throughout life, from conception to adulthood.
• They also influence
Regulation the development of the brain and nervous system.
of Metabolism:
• Hormones like insulin and glucagon control blood sugar levels, which is essential for
energy production.
• Other hormones,
Regulation like thyroid hormones,
of Reproduction regulate Function:
and Sexual overall metabolism.
• Hormones like estrogen and testosterone are crucial for reproductive development and
function.
Regulation of Mood
• They also influence andfunction
sexual Emotions:
and the development of secondary sexual
• Hormones like adrenaline and cortisol play a role in stress response and can influence
characteristics.
mood and emotions.
• They also affect
Maintaining sleep-wake cycles.
Homeostasis:
• The endocrine system helps maintain a stable internal environment by regulating a
wide range of physiological processes, including temperature, blood pressure, and fluid
balance.
• This is achieved through feedback mechanisms that adjust hormone levels as needed.
Thank You
