PUMPS
Pump
A pump is a device used to move fluids,
such as liquids, gases or slurries. It
increases the mechanical energy of the
fluid. The additional energy can be used to
increase -
Velocity (flow rate)
Pressure
Elevation
Pump Classification
Pumps
Positive
Dynamic
Displacement
Rotary Reciprocating Centrifugal Axial
Singl
Multiple Diaphrag
e Piston, Plunger
rotor m
rotor
Positive Displacement Pump
Positive Displacement pumps apply pressure
directly to the liquid by a reciprocating
piston, or by rotating members.
Uses:
1.can handle shear sensitive liquid.
2.Use for high pressure application
3.Use for variable viscosity applications.
Types-
Reciprocating pump
Rotary pump
Reciprocating Pump
In Reciprocating pumps, the chamber is a
stationary cylinder that contains a piston
or plunger.
Types-
Piston Pump
Plunger Pump
Diaphragm Pump
Piston Pump
D USE=
1.transmission of
fluids or gases under
pressure.
A
2.Power consumption
is low.
C 3.Ensure maximum
B
safety.
Piston Pump (double acting)
Plunger pump
1.Have high efficiency.
2.Capable of developing
very high pressures.
3.Low and easy
maintenance
Plunger pump (single acting)
Pump
1.flexible diaphragm
is used
(rubber, thermo-
plastic, metal).
2. Can be used to
make artificial hearts.
3. Can handle highly
viscous liquids.
4.Can handle toxic or
corrosive liquids.
5. 97% efficient.
Diaphragm Pump (single acting)
Rotary Pump
In Rotary pumps, the chamber moves from inlet to
discharge and back to the inlet. A wide variety of
rotary pumps are available like
gear pumps, lobe pumps, screw pumps, cam pumps,
vane pumps.
Most popular: gear pumps
Relatively constant output
Types-
Single Rotor
Multiple Rotor
Gear Pump
Delivery
Drive Gear
Driven Gear
Inlet Cam
Screw Pump
Single Screw Rotor
Elastomer Stator Universal Coupling
Lobe Pump
Dynamic Pump
Centrifugal Pumps
This pumps generate high rotational velocities, then
convert the resulting kinetic energy of the liquid
to pressure energy.
2 parts: It contains impeller and casing.
Use:
1.Centrifugal pumps are generally used where high
flow rates and moderate head increases are
required.
2.Can handle fluids containing
suspended solids
Centrifugal Pumps
How do they work?
• Liquid forced into
impeller
• Vanes pass kinetic
energy to liquid: liquid
rotates and leaves
impeller
• Volute casing converts
kinetic energy into
pressure energy
14
Centrifugal Pump
Volute
Diffuser
Centrifugal Pump
Open Semi-Open Closed
Vane
s
Impellers
Positive Displacement
Characteristic
Total
Head
Hm
Theoretical
Actual
Flow Q m3/h
Centrifugal Pump
Characteristic
Total
Theoretical
Head
Hm
Actual Discharge Characteristic
Flow Q m3/h
Pump Head
Head: The term head is used to measure the kinetic
energy created by the pump.
.Different Types of Pump Head
Total Static Head - Total head when the pump is
not running
Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head) - Total
head when the pump is running
Static Suction Head - Head on the suction side,
with pump off, if the head is higher than the pump
impeller
Static Suction Lift - Head on the suction side, with
pump off, if the head is lower than the pump impeller
Static Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of
pump with the pump off
Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - Head on suction side
of pump with pump on
Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side
of pump with pump on
Pump Head
Total Static
Head Delivery
Head
+ve
Static -ve
Suction
Head
Suction Head
Pumps do not SUCK.
It is not possible to PULL a fluid
A pump simply lowers the pressure at its
inlet and the fluid is pushed in
Suction Head
Static
Head
Providing the Static Head is less
Ambient than the Ambient Pressure Head
Pressure then the pump can (theoretically)
lower the pressure sufficiently for
the fluid to enter
Pressure Head at pump = Ambient Pressure Head ± Static Head
The Static Head is Positive if the level of the fluid is above the pump
Suction Head
Static Friction Head
Head
When the fluid is in motion
Ambient further losses occur due to
Pressure friction, obstructions, in the
pipeline and fittings
Pressure Head at pump =
Ambient Pressure Head ± Static Head – Friction Head
Net Positive Suction Head
The pump has a NPSH requirement in order to
prevent cavitation damage occurring and
causing severe damage.
The NPSH increases with flow due to pump
internal losses - friction, impeller losses etc.
Net Positive Suction Head
The requirement is that:
NPSHA NPSH
Otherwise (if NPSHA < NPSHpump), the pressure at
the pump inlet will drop to that of the vapor
pressure of the fluid being moved and the fluid will
boil.
The resulting gas bubbles will collapse inside the
pump as the pressure rises again. These
implosions occur at the impeller and can lead to
pump damage and Cavitation
decreased efficiency.
Principle of Operations:
Centrifugal Pump:
The impeller of such a pump is magnetically coupled
with the motor, across a separation wall which is
resistant to the fluid pumped. The motor drives a
rotor carrying one or several pairs of permanent
magnets, and these drag around a second pair of
permanent magnets attached to the pump impeller.
Positive Displacement Pump:
The fluid moved by the pump in one cycle (one
suction stroke and one discharge stroke) as the
piston moves from its farthest left position to its
farthest right position and then to farthest left
position.
Pump Efficiency:
Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power
imparted on the fluid by the pump in relation to the
power supplied to drive the pump. Its value is not fixed
for a given pump.
Mathematically:
Pump efficiency = power output / power input
Where,
Q= Flow rate.
H= Head.
Pc= Power consumed.
Me= Motor efficiency.
Tl= Transmission loss.
Advantages And
Disadvantages:
Advantage of Centrifugal Pumps:
As there is no drive seal so there is no
leakage in pump.
There are very less frictional losses.
There in almost no noise.
Centrifugal pump have minimum wear with
respect to others.
There is a gap between pump chamber and
motor, so there is no heat transfer between
them.
Because of the gap between pump
chamber and motor, water cannot enter
Disadvantage of Centrifugal Pump:
Because of the magnetic resistance there is
some energy losses.
Unexpected heavy load may cause the
coupling to slip.
ferrous particles in liquid are problematic
when you are using magnetic drive. This is
because particle collect at impeller and
cause the stoppage of pump after some
time.
Advantages of Positive Displacement
Pump:
In general, positive displacement pumps
are ideal for applications where a constant
flow is needed.
They create medium to high pressure and
are often an excellent way to pump oils and
other viscous fluids.
Positive displacement pumps are also
extremely useful for applications requiring
a combination of low flow and high
pressure. For example, to move fluids
containing suspended or fragile solids.
Disadvantages of Positive Displacement Pump:
Principally a source of pressure fluctuations, although
there are some that produce far less fluctuations than
others.
In general more gland problems.
Dynamic problems with check valves when applicable
In general higher maintenance costs.
Need for safety relieve valve to protect the piping
against exceeding the design pressure of the system.
Construction is in general more complex.
