CLASS - XII

CHEMISTRY
ELECTROCH
EMISTRY
PRESENTED BY:
Aradhana Baghel
PGT Chemistry
Electrochemistry: A branch of chemistry which deals with the relationship
between Electrical Energy and Chemical Changes of Redox reactions.

Electrochemical Cell: The arrangement where Chemical Energy produced

in a Redox Reaction is converted into Electrical Energy. (also known as Galvanic cell
or Voltaic Cell).

CuSO4 + Zn ZnSO 4 + Cu (∆G = -ve)

Electrolytic Cell: The arrangement where the process of decomposition of an

Electrolyte is carried out by the passage of electricity through its aqueous solution
or molten (fused) state. (∆G = +ve)
Ionisation
NaCl Na+ + Cl-
Electrolysis

Na + Cl2
 CuSO4 + Zn ZnSO 4 + Cu (∆G = -ve)
AgNO3 + Cu Cu(NO 3)2 + Ag
Whenever a redox
reaction is carried out in But When the same
reaction is carried out
single beaker, the
Indirectly, Chemical
solution becomes Hot.
Energy can be converted
into Electrical Energy.
e-- e--

+ SO42--

1 M ZnSO4 (aq) SO42-- 1 M CuSO4 (aq)

ome Important Points for Electrochemical Cell:

. Electrode on which Oxidation occurs is called Anode. (-ve Electrode)

. Electrode on which Reduction occurs is called Cathode (+ve Electrode).

. Electrons flow from Anode to Cathode in the external circuit.

. The direction of current flow is opposite to that of electron flow.

. Functions of Salt Bridge:

(a) It completes the electrical circuit by the flow of ions

(b) It maintains the electrical neutrality of the solutions in the two half-cells.
(c) It prevents liquid-liquid junction potential (the potential difference that arises
between the two solutions when they are directly in contact with each other).

Electrolytes such as KCl, KNO3, NH4NO3 are used in salt bridge

because they move with almost the same speed.
5. As Cu from CuSO4 is deposited on the Cu electrode and ions migrate to the
other side, concentration falls here as the cell operates
Consequently current falls with the passage of time.

6.
Eexternal < Ecell
(behaves as Electrochemical cell)

Eexternal = Ecell
(Reaction stops and Current becomes ‘0’)

Eexternal > Ecell

(behaves as Electrolytic cell)
3 Possibilities which arise when a Metal Rod; M (Electrode) is in contact with
Solution of its own ions Mn+

Metal Rod (M)

Mn+
Mn+ + ne- Mn+ + ne-

M M
Mn+

Metal ions have Metal ions have relatively

Metal ions collide higher tendency to
relatively higher
with Metal rod undergo Oxidation.
tendency to undergo
and get deflected
Reduction.
back without
undergoing any M atoms go into the solution
M take Electrons from
n+
leaving their electrons on
change. Metal Rod; Making it the metal rod leaving ;
+vely Charged Making it -vely Charged
Electrode Potential: The potential difference set up between the metal and
its ions in the solution is called Electrode Potential
OR
It is the Tendency of an electrode to Lose or Gain Electrons when it is in contact
with solution of its own ions.

The Electrode Potential is termed as Oxidation Potential; if Oxidation takes

place at the Electrode with respect to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode.

And is termed as Reduction Potential; if Reduction takes place

at the Electrode with respect to the Standard Hydrogen Electrode.

Standard Electrode Potential: the electrode potential is measured at 298 K

Temperature and if a gas is involved its pressure 1 atm pressure.

- E°ox = E°red

*The Absolute value of Electrode Potential of a single electrode cannot be determined

because Oxidation and Reduction half reaction cannot take place alone.
 Electrode Potential is measured
using a reference electrode;
Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)

In this electrode, H₂ gas is passed at

1 atm pressure into 1M HCl at 298 K
in which a foil of Pt (coated with
finely divided Pt) is placed.

0.34

Measurement of
Electrode Potential:

A EMF of the cell is measured

which will directly give the
Electrode potential.

Direction of Current tells whether

Oxidation or Reduction takes place
at the electrode under investigation.
(iii) Reaction at the anode is given by:

(iv) Reaction at the cathode is given by:

Applications: ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES:
1. To compare the relative
Oxidizing and Reducing
powers.

2. To compare the relative

activities of metals.

3. To calculate the Standard

EMF of a cell.

E°cell = E°red - E°red

(cathode) (anode)

4. To predict whether a metal

will react with acids to
evolve H₂ gas.

5. To predict the spontaneity

of a redox reaction.

E°cell = +ve (Spontaneous)

E°cell = -ve (Non-Spontaneous)
Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in contact with a solution whose
pH is 10.
pH = - log [H+]
10 = - log [H+]
- 10 = log [H+]
[H+] = antilog (-10)
[H+] = 10-10

½
+

2
Can you store copper sulphate solutions in a zinc pot?
Copper is less reactive than zinc. Zinc will replace the copper from its
salt solution.
When the copper sulphate solution is stored in a zinc pot, copper is replaced by
zinc, in the copper sulphate solution.
Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

So copper sulphate solution cannot be stored in a zinc pot.

Consult the table of standard electrode potentials and suggest three substances
that can oxidise ferrous ions under suitable conditions
Using the data given below to find out the strongest reducing agent.

EᶱCr2O7 2- /Cr3+ = 1.33V

EᶱMnO4 - /Mn2+ = 1.51V
EᶱCl2/Cl- = 1.36V
EᶱCr3+/Cr = -0.74V

(i) Cl– (ii) Cr (iii) Cr 3+ (iv) Mn

Solution: Option (ii) is the answer.

From the same data, find out which of the following is the strongest
oxidising agent.

(ii) Cl– (ii) Mn2+ (iii) MnO4– (iv) Cr3+

Solution: Option (iii) is the answer.

 NERNST EQUATIONS
Mn+ + ne- M
If Electrode Potential is measured under
Standard conditions (Mn+ = 1M & T=298 K) 0.0592 1
it is called E°. E = E° - log
But if these conditions are different, nF [Mn+]
Electrode potential has different values.

2.303 RT aA + bB cC + dD
E = E° - log Q
nF 0.0592 [C]c[D]d
E cell = E° cell - log
0.0592 nF [A]a[B]b
E = E° - log Q
n
(for pure solids and liquids & gases
(When the T= 298 K, R = 8.314 JK-1 mol -1
at 1 atm pressure Molar concentration
F= 96500 C mol )-1
is taken as 1)
 At Equilibrium:

Red. Half Reaction

Reduction Potential

Oxid. Half Reaction

Progress of Reaction

As Q = K, Ecell = 0

0.0592 1
E° = log
nF [Mn+]
 Gibb’s Free Energy & Cell Potential (EMF)
Electrical work done = Decrease in Free Energy
= Quantity of Electricity flowing × EMF
= nF Ecell
Since,
Electrical Work done by the system is = Decrease in Free energy
Thus, ∆G = - nF Ecell

For comparing different cells Standard Cell potentials are used;

the corresponding Free Energy change is;

∆G° = - nF E°cell

∆G = ∆G° + RT lnQ

∆G° = -2.303 RT logK

 Predicting the Products of Electrolysis

At each electrodes, the nature of product obtained depends upon:

(a)Upon the discharge potential of the ions.

(b) Sometimes on the materials of the electrodes.
1. Electrolysis of molten Sodium chloride:

NaCl(s) Na+(l) + Cl-(l)

At Cathode: (Reduction)
Na+(l) + e- Na(l)

At Anode: (Oxidation)
Cl- .
Cl + e- (primary change)

Cl + .Cl
.
Cl2 (secondary change)

Overall Reaction:
NaCl Na + Cl2
2. Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium chloride

At Cathode: (Reduction)
Na+ + e- Na E°red = -2.71V
2H2O + 2e- H2 + 2OH- E°red = -0.83V
At Anode: (Oxidation)
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e- E°red = 1.36V
2H2O ½O2 + 2H+ + 2e- E°red = 1.23V
(*Because of Overvoltage instead of the oxidation of water, oxidation
of chlorine, will occur at anode)

Overvoltage: For some electrochemical processes, (e.g., for the liberation

of gases), some extra voltage is required than the theoretical value of standard
electrode potential.

Overall Reaction:
2H2O + 2NaCl 2Na+ + Cl2 + H2 + 2OH-
3. An Aqueous solution of AgNO3 with Pt electrodes:
AgNO3 + Aq Ag+ + NO3-

At Cathode: (Reduction)
Ag+ + e- Ag E°red = 0. 80V
2H2O + 2e- H2 + 2OH- E°red = -0.83V
At Anode: (Oxidation)
2H2O ½O2 + 2H+ + 2e- E°red = 1.23V

4. An Aqueous solution of AgNO3 with Ag electrodes:

At Cathode: (Reduction)
Ag+ + e- Ag E°red = 0. 80V
2H2O + 2e- H2 + 2OH- E°red = -0.83V
At Anode: (Oxidation)
2H2O ½O2 + 2H+ + 2e- E°red = 1.23V
Ag+ + e- Ag E°red = 0. 80V
5. Electrolysis of dilute H2SO4 with Pt electrodes:

H2SO4 (aq) 2H+ + SO4 2-

At Cathode: (Reduction)
2H+ + 2e- H2 E°red = 0V

At Anode: (Oxidation)
2H2O ½O2 + 2H+ + 2e- E°red = 1.23V
Difference Between Metallic & Electrolytic Conductors
Metallic Conductors Electrolytic Conductors
Flow of electricity takes place Flow of electricity takes place
without the decomposition of the accompanied with the
substance. decomposition of the substance.

Flow of electricity is due to flow of Flow of electricity is due to

electrons only, there is no flow of movement of ions and hence there
matter. is flow of matter.

Electrical conductance decreases Electrical conductance increases

with temperature. Because Kernels with temperature. This is generally
start vibrating, producing due to the increase in the
hindrance to the flow of electrons. dissociation or decrease in
interionic Attractions.

Resistance is due to Vibrating Resistance is because of: interionic

Kernels. attractions, viscosity of solvent.
 RESISTANCE (R) CONDUCTANCE (G)
V
R = (Ohm’s Law) 1
I G =
R
Unit of R= (ohm) Ω Unit of G = siemen (S)
or Ω -1
l 1S = Ω -1
R = ρ
A CONDUCTIVITY (k) or
RESISTIVITY (ρ) SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
1
When A= 1 cm2 , l = 1 cm; R = ρ k =
ρ
OR Resistivity is Resistance of When A= 1 cm2 , l = 1 cm; G = k
Conductor of volume = 1 cm3 or 1ml
OR Conductivity is Conductance of
Unit of ρ = Ω cm Conductor of volume = 1 cm3 or 1ml

Unit of k = Ω -1 cm-1 or S cm-1

 Measurement of R and thus G and k
1. Instead of connecting the solution
directly, a conductivity cell is used.

2. DC current may cause electrolysis

and may change resistance of the
solution.
Thus, AC current is used.

3. Ordinary Galvanometer is replaced

P Q
with Earphone. (null point is when
= sound is reduced to minimum).
R S
4. Electrodes are coated freshly with
Pt black.
 Molar Conductivity
Molar Conductivity of a solution at a dilution V is the condutance of all the ions
produced from 1 mole of the electrolytedissolved in V cm-3 of the solution
when the distance between the electrodes is 1 cm and area of the electrodes
is so large that whole of the solution is contained between them.

Λm = k × V
(where V is the volume of solution containing 1 mole of electrolyte)

1000
Λm = k ×
M
Unit of Λm ;
K (S cm-1) × 1000 (cm3 L-1)
Λm (S cm2 mol-1)=
Molarity (mol L-1)

Cell Constant
l
G* = or Conduvtivity (k) = Conductance (G) × Cell Constant(G *)
A
The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 mol L-1 NaOH solution of diameter 1 cm
and length 50 cm is 5.55 × 10 3 ohm. Calculate its resistivity, conductivity and
molar conductivity.

Resistivity
Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol L -1 KCl solution is 100 Ω. If the
resistance of the same cell when filled with 0.02 mol L -1 KCl solution is 520 Ω,
calculate the conductivity and molar conductivity of 0.02 mol L -1 KCl solution.
The conductivity of 0.1 mol L -1 KCl solution is 1.29 S/m.
 Variation of Conductance, Conductivity and Molar
Conductivity with Dilution

Conductance: In Increases with dilution as more ions are produced in the

solution.

Conductivity: It Decreases with dilution as number of ions present per unit

volume of the solution Decreases.

Molar Conductivity: It Increases with dilution as it is the product of

conductivity and Volume of solution containing 1 mole of electrolyte (k × V).

With Dilution, the increasing value of Volume more than compensates the
decreasing value of Conductivity.

Strong Electrolytes : which undergo complete dissociation. All Strong acids, Bases and
and All Salts are strong electrolytes. For e.g., HCl, NaOH, Sodium Acetate, Ammonium Chloride
Weak Electrolytes : which dissociate only to small extent.
weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes.
 Variation of Molar Conductivity of Electrolytes with Concentration
For Strong Electrolytes:
(Debye-Huckel Onsager equation)

Λm = Λ°m - A √C
(Weak)
Therefore for strong electrolytes,
Limiting Molar Conductivity (Λ°m )
Λ°m
can be determined by Extrapolation.

But for weak Electrolytes ,

(Strong) Since the plot becomes parallel
to y-axis, Limiting Molar
Conductivity (Λ°m ) cannot be
determined by Extrapolation.

* The dotted line represents the Extrapolation done because even though Λ°m is high but
Conductivity is so low that it cannot be measured experimentally.
 Kohlrausch’s Law:

Kohlrausch noted that the difference in the Λ°m two Strong Electrolytes is Same when
both had a common ion irrespective of the nature of the other ion with which they
were associated.

And thus he concluded that;

“The Limiting Molar Conductivity of an electrolyte is the sum of limiting ionic
conductivities of the cations and anions each multiplied with the number of
ions present in 1 formula unit of the electrolyte”.

Λ°m for AxBy = xʎ° + y ʎ°

 Applications of Kohlrausch’s Law:
1. Calculation of limiting Molar Conductivity of Weak Electrolytes

Λ°m

Λ°m
2. Calculation of Degree of Dissociation and thus Dissociation Constant.
Conductivity of 0.00241 M acetic acid is 7.896 × 10 -5 S cm -1. Calculate its molar
conductivity. If Λ°m for acetic acid is 390.5 S cm2 mol -1, what is its
dissociation constant?
 Faraday’s Laws:
Faraday’s First Law: The Amount of chemical reaction and hence the mass of
any substance deposited or liberated at any electrode is directly proportional
to the Quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte (solution or melt).

W ∞Q

W=ZQ
W=ZIt
Z is called Electrochemical Equivalent.
If I = 1A and t = 1 sec
Then, W = Z

It can be defined as the mass of the substance

deposited when 1 ampere current is passed for 1 sec i.e., a quantity of
electricity
equal to 1 coulomb is passed.
How much charge is required for the following reductions:
(i) 1 mol of Al 3+ to Al?
(ii) 1 mol of Cu 2+ to Cu?
(iii) 1 mol of MnO4 - to Mn2+ ?
How much electricity in terms of Faraday is How much electricity is required in coulomb
required to produce for the oxidation of
(i) 20.0 g of Ca from molten CaCl2? (i) 1 mol of H2O to O2?
(ii) 40.0 g of Al from molten Al2O3? (ii) 1 mol of FeO to Fe2O3?
Faraday’s Second Law: When the same quantity of electricity is passed
through solutions of different electrolytes connected in series, the weights
of substances produced at the electrodes are directly proportional to their
equivalent weights.

For example, for AgNO3 and CuSO4 connected in series,

Weight of Ag deposited Eq. wt. of Ag

=
Weight of Cu deposited Eq. wt. of Cu

Atomic wt. of the element

Equivalent weight =
No. of electrons gained or lost
by its one atom/ion
Some Important Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis:
Na + + e - Na
Cl - ½Cl2 + e
Cu +2 + 2e - Cu
Al+3 + 3e - Al

The Charge on by 1 mole electrons = Charge on 1 e - × Avogadro’s number

= (1.6 × 10 -19 ) C × (6.022 × 10 23 )
= 96487 C mol-1
approx. 96500 C mol-1
If n e - are involved in the electrode reaction, the passage of n faradays
(n × 96500 C) of electricity will liberate 1 mole of the substance
Or
1 faraday of electricity (i.e., 96500 C) of electricity deposits 1 gram
equivalent of the substance.
Equivalent wt.
This gives, Z =
96500
Three electrolytic cells A,B,C containing solutions of ZnSO 4, AgNO3 and CuSO4, respectively
are connected in series. A steady current of 1.5 amperes was passed through them until
1.45 g of silver deposited at the cathode of cell B. How long did the current flow?
What mass of copper and zinc were deposited?
 Commercial Cells (Batteries):

Secondary
Primary Cell Fuel Cell
Cell

Energy is produced from

Redox Reaction occurs
Rechargeable Cells, can the Combustion of fuels
only once.
be recharged again by (such as H2, CO, CH4, etc)
After the cell becomes
passing an electric Is directly converted
dead, it cannot be used
current To Electrical Energy.
again.
 (A). PRIMARY CELLS:
(i) Dry Cell At Anode:
+ve Pole Zn Zn 2+ + 2e –
Metal Cap
Zn Container (ANODE) At Cathode:
2MnO2 + 2NH4+ + 2e –
Graphite (CATHODE)
Mn2O3 + 2NH3(g) + H2O
Porous Paper
lining (Mn has reduced from +4 to
+3 Oxidation state)
MnO2 + C
The NH3(g) is not liberated but
Paste of combines with Zn 2+ and the Cl –
NH4Cl + ZnCl2 to form [Zn(NH3)2Cl2]

-ve Pole These cells have Voltage range

= 1.25 to 1.50 V.

They do not have long life as the

Acidic NH4Cl corrodes the
Zn container even when the cell
 At Anode:
(ii). Mercury Cell:
Zn(s) + 2OH– ZnO(s) + 2e– + H2O

Carbon At Cathode:
(CATHODE)
HgO(s) + H2O + 2e– Hg(l) + 2OH–
Porous
Paper lining Overall Reaction:
Zn(s) + HgO(s) ZnO(s) + Hg(l)
Zn
Container
(ANODE) As Overall Cell reaction does not
involve
Paste of any ion whose concentration may
HgO + KOH change,
thus it gives Constant Potential of 1.35
V throughout its life.

Spent cells should be reprocessed for

Hg
recovery to prevent it from entering
Environment and causing pollution.
 (B). SECONDARY CELLS: 6 Cells together
give an Output
(i). Lead Storage Battery: of 12V
Anode
- Cathode

Pb Grids filled with Dilute H2SO4 Pb Grids filled with

Spongy Pb (-ve plates) PbO2 (+ve plates)

H2SO4 is used up During the Discharge. When the density of H2SO4 falls below 1.20 g cm-1,
the battery needs recharging.
 During Discharging:
At Anode: Anode - + Cathode
Pb(s) + SO4 2-(aq) Pb SO4(s) + 2e-
At Cathode:
PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO4 2-(aq) + 2e-
PbSO4(s) + H2O H2O
Overall Reaction:
H+
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2SO4 2-(aq) SO4 2-
2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O
DISCHARGING
DC

Cathode - During Recharging:

+ Anode
At Anode:
Pb SO4(s) + 2e- Pb(s) + SO4 2-(aq)
At Cathode:
H 2O PbSO4(s) + H2O
PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO4 2-(aq) + 2e-
H+ Overall Reaction:
SO4 2- 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O
RECHARGING Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2SO4 2-(aq)
(ii) Nickel-Cadmium Storage Cell (Nicad Cell):

 It has longer life than lead Storage Battery, but is more expensive.
 Anode consist of Cd and Cathode consist of a metal grid containing
Nickel (IV) oxide, immersed in KOH solution (electrolyte).
 Each cell give a potential approx.= 1.4V

At Anode: Cd(s) + 2OH- Cd(OH)2 (s) + 2e-

At Cathode: NiO2 + 2OH- + 2e- Ni(OH) 2(s) + 2OH- (aq)

(iii) Lithium Batteries:

 Preferred because of their light weight.
 Anode is made up of Li metal and Cathode that of metal oxide (generally MnO 2)
and electrolyte used is Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4).

At Anode: Li (s) Li+ + e-

At Cathode: MnO2 + Li+ + e- LiMnO2 (s)
 (C) FUEL CELLS
Many fuels can be used here like; hydrogen, methane, methanol etc.
One of the example is Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell.

At Anode:
2H2 4H + + 4e- E° red = 0.00 V
At Cathode:
O2 + 4H + + 4e- 2H2O E°red = 1.23 V
Overall Reaction:
2H2 + O2 2H 2O
V
Theoretical Voltage; E°Cell = 1.23 V

Both Electrodes are made up of

Carbon containing suitable
Catalysts.

Reactants are fed continuously

to the Electrodes and Products
are removed contimuously.
Advantages of Fuel Cell:
(i) Because of continuous supply, such cells never become dead.
Usually operated at a Temperature of 70 – 140° C and gives a potential of
0.9 V.
(ii) Although their theoretical efficiency is 100%, practically they give an efficiency
of only 60-70% . Still they are superior to thermal power plants which have
maximum efficiency of only 40% ∆G
Thermodynamic Efficiency (η) = × 100
∆H
(iii) They do not cause any pollution problem.

Difficulties:

(iv) Providing contact between the 3 phases needed in a fuel cell, i.e., Gaseous fuel,
liquid electrolyte and the solid catalyst.
(ii) Corrosive electrolyte.
(iii) Expensive Catalysts. (Pt, Pd, Ag, etc.)
(iv) Handling gaseous fuels at low temperature and high pressure.
 CORROSION
“The process of slowly eating away of the metal due to attack of the atmospheric
gases on the surface of the metal resulting into the formation of compounds such
as oxides, sulphides, carbonates, sulphates etc. is called Corrosion”
sting of Iron: Explanation Based on Electrochemical theory
Water Vapour present on the surface of the metal is covered with a solution
of CO2 in water (i.e., H2CO3) :
H2O + CO2 H2CO3
H2CO3 4H+ + CO32-
(other acidic gases like SO2 may also give H + ions)
Iron in contact with O2 and H + ions undergoes oxidation:
Fe Fe2+ + 2e- E° red = - 0.44 V
Such sites act as anode.
) The electrons lost by Fe migrate to another on the surface site on the surface
and reduce dissolved O2
O2 + 4H + + 4e- 2H2O E°red = 1.23 V
Such sites act as Cathode.
) Overall Reaction of the miniature cell:

Fe(s) + O (g) + 4H +(aq) Fe 2+ + 2H O E° = 1.67 V

(v) The Ferrous ions formed react with the dissolved O2 or O2 of air to form
ferric oxide with the further production of H+
Fe2+ + O2 + 4H2O Fe 2O3 + 8H + (aq)

(vi) Ferric oxide undergoes hydration to form Rust:

Fe2O3 + H2O Fe2O3 . xH2O
(Hydrated ferric oxide or Rust)
Rust Deposit O2
Fe2O3 . xH2O
Fe2+

Water Droplet

e- Pitting

O2 + 4H + + 4e- 2H2O Fe Fe2+ + 2e-

CATHODE ANODE Iron Object
Some Important Points to note :
(i) As are involved in the reduction of , As pH increases, rusting becomes less
favourable. Fe in contact with a solution of pH 9 – 10 does not corrode.

(ii) If water is saline, it helps in the flow of current in the miniature cell.
Thus, in places where it snows heavily and salting is done, the autos undergo
greater rusting.

(iii) Rust is formed at a site other than the site where pitting is done.

Factors Promoting Corrosion:

(a) Reactivity of the metal: more reactive is the metal, more is the corrosion.

(b) Presence of impurities: Impurities enhances the chances of corrosion.

(c) Presence of Air and Moisture: air and moisture accelerate corrosion. Gases
such as SO2 and CO2 act as catalysts.

(d) Strains in metals: Corrosion takes place rapidly at bends, scratches, nicks and cuts.

(e) Presence of Electrolytes: Electrolytes increases the rate of corrosion.

revention Of Corrosion:
Barrier Protection: metal surface is not allowed to come in contact with moisture.
(a) Painting (b) Application of a film of Oil or Grease.
(c) Coating of iron surface with metals such as Ni, Cr, Al (by electroplating)
or Sn, Zn, etc. (by dipping the iron article in molten metal).
(d) By coating with phosphate or other chemicals, which give a tough, adherent,
and insoluble film.
Sacrificial Protection: by covering the iron object with a more reactive metal.
Which loses electrons in preference to iron. for e.g., Zn, Mg and Al.
Electrical Protection (or Cathodic Protection): The Iron object to be protected
is connected to a more active metal either directly or through a wire.
Iron object act as cathode and the protecting metal as anode.
Iron
The anode is gradually used up due to the oxidation. pipe
Magnesium is often used to protect iron pipes.
e-
Mg
Mg Mg + 2e
2+ -

O2 + 4H + + 4e- 2H2O
Using Anti-rust solution: These are Alkaline Phosphate and Alkaline Chromate
solutions. In addition to Alkalinity, Phosphate tends to deposit an insoluble
protective film of iron phosphate. Used in Car Radiators to protect engine parts.
Consider the following diagram in which an electrochemical cell is coupled to
an electrolytic cell.
What will be the polarity of electrodes ‘A’ and ‘B’ in the electrolytic cell?

Zinc goes into solution as Zn+2 and leaves behind the electrons on
Electrode A making it negatively charged. Cu +2 from the solution deposits
on Electrode B making it positively charged. Electrode A polarity- negative
Electrode B polarity- positive
THANK YOU

Image Source:
Google Images