CHAPTER 2

EXTERNAL
OF INSECT

1
Characteristic of
the class: Insecta
• Exoskeleton
• Has segmented body
• Composed chitinous
exoskeletal:
i. Three parts of body
(Head, Thorax,
Abdomen)
ii. Three pair of
jointed leg
iii. Compound eyes
iv. One pair of
antennae 2
 1
EXOSKELETON

3
 Chitinous
exoskeletal

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Structure of
exoskeleton
Purposes of
exoskeleton:
• Suit of armor (perisai)
• Protection against
dryness, diseases
and natural
enemies
• Protect soft tissues
within and place of
attachment of
numerous insect
muscle 5
6
Component of
exoskeleton:
• Cuticle (outer layer)
• Epidermis (middle
layer)
• Basement membrane
(inner layer)

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Insect Integument/ Body wall
 2
HEAD

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The head
• Shape and structure of the head vary with
the position of the mouth parts relative to
the head capsule.

• Sclerotized (hardened), capsule like and

unsegmented

• Consists of:
1. mouth part
2. antennae
3. eyes
4. ocelli

• 3 types of head
• Hypognathus
• Prognathus
• Opisthognathus
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Ocelli
12
13
 Type of head

1. Hypognathus
• Mouth parts hung
vertically from the
head capsule
• Example:
Grasshoppers
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2. Prognathus
• Anteriorly
directed mouth
parts (horizontal)
• Example: Ground
Beetles.

15
3. Opisthognathus
• Mouth parts directed
ventroposteriorly
relative to head
capsule
• Example: Cicada

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 3
MOUTH PARTS

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The mouth parts
• Two main type of
mouthparts:
☻1. Mandibulate/
Chewing mouthparts
☻2. Haustellate/ Sucking
mouthparts

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1. Mandibulate mouth
parts:

• Mandibulate – adapted to
chewing activities.
• The mandibles acting as
cutting and grinding
structure.
• Examples:
• Dragonflies and
damselflies
• Termites
• Adult lacewings
• Beetles
• Ants
• Cockroaches
• Grasshoppers
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 Continue……
• The mandibles
provide a surface for
cutting and grinding
food.
• Mandibles are
considered to be the
ancestral condition.
• All other mouth part
types are modified
from the basic
mandibulate
morphology.
• Mandibles are show
in purple on the left
figure.
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 Continue……
Some modification:
• Catching and holding
prey.
• For sucking in which
the maxillae and
mandibles and are
elongate, grasping
structure.
• In pollen-feeding and
dung-feeding beetles,
the mandibles are
more or less flattened
and serve to mold dung
or pollen into small
pellets or balls. 22
 2.
Haustellate mouthp
arts:

• Adapted for sucking

activities
• Presence of stylets:
1. needle-like
2. sword-like
• Stylets maybe formed
from combination of
one or more mouth part
and hypopharynx
• Not all haustellate
mouth parts have
piercing stylets 23
 Haustellate mouth part

1. Stylets
haustellate:
• Stylets are needle-like
projections used to
penetrate plant and
animal tissue. Mosquito

• Examples:
- Mosquitoes
- Flies (horsefly)
- True bugs
- Fleas
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 Haustellate mouth part

Housefly 2. Nonstylet
haustellate:
• Lack piercing stylets.
• Incapable of
penetrating tissues
• These insects suck
exposed liquids like
Butterfly nectar, decaying
tissues, etc.
• Two types
• Siphoning
• Sponging

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1. Siphoning mouth parts
• Lack stylets and are
used to suck liquids
• Nearly all butterflies and
moths eat liquid food
sucked up through their
tongue or proboscis

• Proboscis
• The hollow, straw-like
mouthparts of some
insects.
• The proboscis uncoils and
two tubes zips together.
• When not in use the
proboscis is curled up like
a spring.

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• Examples:
• Butterflies, moths and
skippers (order
Lepidoptera), but
Larval Lepidoptera
have chewing
mouthparts
• Bees (order
Hymenoptera).

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 2. Sponging mouth parts

• The sponging mouthpart is modified into

a flattened, rounded structure used
for sapping and sponging liquefied food.
• Examples:
• House flies and blow flies
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29
 Typical mouth parts
• Consists of:
1. An anterior ‘upper lip’ called labrum
2. The hypopharynx (tongue)
3. A pair of mandibles (primary jaws)
4. A pair of maxillae (secondary jaws)
5. A posterior ‘lower lip’ or labium

• The maxillae and labium are divided

into various substructures, which
include the galea, paraglossa, glossa,
and the maxillary and labial palps

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31
 Labrum (upper
lip)
• The labrum is a
simple fused sclerite,
often called the
upper lip, and moves
longitudinally.
• It is hinged to the
clypeus.
• It serves to hold food
in place during
chewing by the
Labrum of a praying mantis mandibles and thus
can simply be
described as an upper
lip. 32
Labium (lower lip)
• The labium (often
called the lower
lip), is a fused
structure that
moves
longitudinally and
possesses a pair of
segmented palps

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 Maxillae

• The maxillae are paired structures

that can move at right angles to
the body and possess segmented
palps.
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37
38
CONCLUSION

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 4
ANTENNAE

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 The antennae
• Function of antennae is
sensory.
• The sense of touch includes:
motion and orientation,
odor, sound, humidity, and a
variety of chemical cues.
• They vary in form and size
to identified their families
and some to differentiate the
sexes e.g. mosquitoes
• 2 subgroups/ types:
1. capitate
2. capitate-lamellate 41
• Certain insects have a
long antennae to
catch other insects.
• In some insects
antennae are weakly
developed such as in
some larval
Hymenoptera and
Diptera.
• Absent – order Protura

42
 Basic structure of antennae

• Antennae vary greatly among insects, but the

basic plan consist: segments 1 and 2 are
termed as scape and pedicel, respectively.
• The remaining antennal segments
(flagellomeres) are jointly together called as
flagellum. 43
 Antenna
Modifications

44
 Type of antennae with
examples
Antennae: Insects:
Filiform - grasshopper,
Moniliform - wrinkled bark
beetle
Capitate - skin beetles
Clavate - carrion beetle
Setaceous - dragonfly
Serrate - click beetle
Pectinate - fire colored beetle
Plumose - male mosquito
Aristate - Flesh fly
Stylate - horse fly
Lamellate - scarab beetle
Flabbelate - cedar beetle
Geniculate - honey bee
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 5
LEGS

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 The legs
• Typically for movement, running & walking
• Legs also show a variety of modifications as
some are used for:
• Jumping ☻
• Digging☻
• Swimming ☻
• collecting pollen,
☻
• making sound,
☻
• detecting sound (hearing!),
☻
• Tasting
☻
• grasping prey, etc.
☻
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 Division &
components
•The fore-legs are
located on the
prothorax, the mid-
legs on the
mesothorax, and the
hind legs on the
metathorax.
• Each leg has six
major components,
listed here from
proximal to distal:
• coxa (p1. coxae),
• trochanter,
• femur (p1. femora),
• tibia([Link]),
• tarsus (p1. tarsi),
• pretarsus. 54
 Count the Legs!

There are ALWAYS SIX legs, and they are

attached to the THORAX
 Type of legs
• Each insect have a different character of
legs according to:
1. size
2. segment
3. character of claws
4. spine/ hair on legs
• Types of legs:
1. cursorial
2. raptorial
3. fossorial
4. saltatorial
5. natatorial
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Type and functions
1. Cursorial
• Used for walking/
running.
• Some textbooks
distinguish the two
by calling walking
legs ambulatory or
gressorial, but the
leg structure is
basically the same.
• Examples: Beetles
and cockroaches.
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59
Type and functions
2. Raptorial
• Modified for
grabbing & holding
prey
• Forelegs for
grasping.
• Ex: Praying mantis.

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 Type and functions

3. Fossorial
• Specialized for digging; common in
ground-dwelling insects.
• Heavily sclerotized forelegs
• Example: mole cricket, nymph of
cicadas 62
63
Type and functions
4. Saltatorial
• Hind legs adapted
for jumping;
characterized by an
elongated femur
and tibia.
• Ex: grasshoppers,
cricket, katydids

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Type and functions
5. Natatorial:
• fore or hind legs
adapted for
swimming;
• characterized by
elongated setae on
tarsi
• Ex: aquatic beetles,
bugs

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 6
WINGS

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The wings
• Insects may bear a
single pair of wings
or two pairs or non
at all
• Many wingless
insects grouped
under winged
insects based on the
basis of
developmental and
morphological
similarities
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 More on Wings
A network of Veins strengthens
wings

MEMBRANEOUS (clear)
WINGS
Some Wings Are Covered
With Powdery Scales

BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

 Wings May Be
Modified
1.
HALTERES
Order Diptera
(flies)
2nd pair of wings
modified into
HALTERES
Used for balance
Makes flies hard
to catch!
• Hindwings highly modified into
balancing organ
• For flight stability and direction

73
 2. ELYTRA

ELYTRA
• Hard Forewing
called Elytra
• Meet in straight
line down the
abdomen
• Membranous
hindwings folded
underneath (flight)
• Forewings modified into hard
“elytra”
• To protect membranous hind wings
• Beetles (order Coleoptera)

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 3. HEMELYTRA

• Forewings partly hardened - “Half

elytra”
• Primarily function as flight wings
• Bugs(order Hemiptera)
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 4. TEGMEN
• Forewings modified
into parchment-like
• To protect hind
wings
• Order : Orthoptera

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 5. Nodus & Cross
vein

• Have a complex wings

• Veins provide primary structural support for
wings
• Nodus provide stress relief
• Pterostigma to control wing flapping
(counterweight) 78
 7
ABDOMEN

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 The Insect Abdomen
 Typically consists of 10 to 11 ring-like segments
 The 11th (the last) segments or terminal segment is
represented by appendages
 The terminal segment may have “cerci” (cercus)
 The terminal segments are made up of 3 plates:
 Epiproct (located dorsal to the anus)
 2 paraprocts (one on each side)
 Each abdominal segment  Tergum (dorsal plate) and
Sternum (ventral plate) connected to each side by
lateral membrane
 Spiracles are found on either side of first 8th
abdominal segment
 In Females:
 8th, 9th segments  position of the
ovipositor or egg laying apparatus
 Composed of 2 pairs of basal “valvifers”
 The valvifers form the “vulvulae” and the
gonopore which is the reproductive
opening.

81
 Generalized Insect Abdomen

Dorsal plate

Ventral plate
 The external
genitalia
1. Ovipositor:
• Female reproductive system
• Location: 8th to 9th segments
• Egg laying apparatus
• Variation depends on the situation which the
eggs must be placed
• Examples:
cicadas (rigid blades) – deposit eggs between
bark on tree twigs
Ichnuemon wasps (long ovipositor) – enable
them to penetrate bark of tree & deposit egg in
a wood boring larvae
Katydids – deposit eggs in plant tissue
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Modifications of the Ovipositor
2. Aedeagus:
• Male reproductive system
• Location: usually on the 9th
segments
• Male copulatory apparatus
(penis)

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88
 Non-genitalia abdominal
1. Collophore appendages
• Located on the venter of 1st abdominal
segment. serves primarily as a structure to
maintain water balance within the insect's
body
2. Furcula
• Located on the 5th abdominal segment
• the furcula is kept under tension by a catch
mechanism and when released, it snaps down,
hitting the substrate and propelling the
springtail into the air.

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 Non-genitalia abdominal
appendages

4. Prolegs
• For walking or ventilatory function

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5. Crochets
• Each proleg bears a series of minute hooks
called crochets

6. Cornicles
• Serves as gills, facilitating and absorption of
oxygen and release carbon dioxide
• Ex: mayfly nymphs

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THANK
Title YOU……
Text

THE END