An Overview of the
5 Integration
.
The Indefinite Integral
2
The Definite Integral
3
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
4
Example
5
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
6
Properties of the Indefinite Integral
7
Tables of Indefinite Integrals
8
Example 1
9
Example 2
10
Example 3
11
Example 4
12
Example 5
13
Example 6
14
Example 6
15
Properties of the Definite Integral
16
Example
17
The Substitution Rule
Because of the Fundamental Theorem, it’s important to be
able to find antiderivatives.
But our antidifferentiation formulas don’t tell us how to
evaluate integrals such as
To find this integral we use the problem-solving strategy of
introducing something extra. Here the “something extra” is
a new variable; we change from the variable x to a new
variable u.
18
The Substitution Rule
Suppose that we let u be the quantity under the root sign in
, u = 1 + x2. Then the differential of u is du = 2xdx.
Notice that if the dx in the notation for an integral were to
be interpreted as a differential, then the differential 2xdx
would occur in and so, formally, without justifying our
calculation, we could write
19
The Substitution Rule
But now we can check that we have the correct answer by
using the Chain Rule to differentiate the final function of
Equation 2:
In general, this method works whenever we have an
integral that we can write in the form f (g (x)) g (x) dx.
20
The Substitution Rule
Observe that if F = f, then
F (g (x)) g (x) dx = F (g (x)) + C
because, by the Chain Rule,
[F (g (x))] = F (g (x)) g (x)
If we make the “change of variable” or “substitution” u =
g (x), then from Equation 3 we have
F (g (x)) g (x) dx = F (g (x)) + C = F (u) + C = F (u) du
or, writing F = f, we get
f (g (x)) g (x) dx = f (u) du
21
The Substitution Rule
Thus we have proved the following rule.
Notice that the Substitution Rule for integration was proved
using the Chain Rule for differentiation.
Notice also that if u = g (x), then du = g (x) dx, so a way to
remember the Substitution Rule is to think of dx and du in
as differentials.
22
Example 1
Find x3 cos(x4 + 2) dx.
Solution:
We make the substitution u = x4 + 2 because its differential
is du = 4x3 dx, which, apart from the constant factor 4,
occurs in the integral.
Thus, using x3 dx = du and the Substitution Rule, we have
x3 cos(x4 + 2) dx = cos u du
= cos u du
23
Example 1 – Solution cont’d
= sin u + C
= sin(x4 + 2) + C
Notice that at the final stage we had to return to the original
variable x.
24
Example 2
25
Example 3
26
Example 4
27
Example 5
28
Example 6
29
Definite Integrals
When evaluating a definite integral by substitution, two
methods are possible. One method is to evaluate the
indefinite integral first and then use the Fundamental
Theorem.
For example,
Another method, which is usually preferable, is to change
the limits of integration when the variable is changed. 30
Definite Integrals
31
Example 7
Evaluate using .
Solution:
Let u = 2x + 1. Then du = 2 dx, so dx = du.
To find the new limits of integration we note that
when x = 0, u = 2(0) + 1 = 1
and
when x = 4, u = 2(4) + 1 = 9
32
Example 7 – Solution cont’d
Therefore
Observe that when using we do not return to the variable
x after integrating. We simply evaluate the expression in u
between the appropriate values of u.
33
Example 8
34
Example 9
35
Symmetry
The following theorem uses the Substitution Rule for
Definite Integrals to simplify the calculation of integrals
of functions that possess symmetry properties.
36
Example 10
Since f (x) = x6 + 1 satisfies f (–x) = f (x), it is even and so
37
Example 11
Since f (x) = (tan x)/(1 + x2 + x4) satisfies f (–x) = –f (x), it is
odd and so
38
Exercises
Sec. 5.2
15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33
Sec. 5.3
15,19,23,27,31,35,39,43,47,51,55
Sec. 5.5
17,21,23,25,33
Sec. 5.6
13,17,21,25,29,31,33,59,61,63,65
Sec. 5.9
31,33,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,49,53
39
