Chapter 4: Molecules and
Compounds
Mixtures and Compounds
Molecule – smallest,
identifiable unit into
which a pure substance
can be divided
Chemical Bonds
Why do bonds form?
Ionic Bond – bond formed Covalent Bond – bond
between a metal and a formed between two or more
nonmetal, bond formed nonmetals, bond formed when
between a cation and an two atoms SHARE electrons
Ionic
compounds
Ions
Cations
Anions
Ionic = Coulomb’s Law
compounds
Ions
Cations
Anions
Ionic
compounds
Most ionic compounds form crystals
Covalent
compounds
Share electrons
Covalent
compounds
Share electrons
Covalent
compounds
Different
ways to
represent
molecules:
Ways to represent molecules:
Molecular Formula
• Shows the # of atoms in the compound
• No structural information is implied by the formula
• by conventions molecular formulas are presented in the following
order:
• For organic compounds: carbon, hydrogen, then all other
elements in alphabetical order:
• CHBrClFNOPS
• For ionic compounds: the cation is written first followed by the
anion, complex ions consisting of more than one type of
element are listed together
• NaSO4
Ways to represent molecules:
Condensed Formula
• Shows the # of atoms in the compound
• Show some structure information in terms of what
atoms are connected in order of how they are
connected
Structural Formula
• Show EXACT connectivity of the atoms in the
molecule using atomic symbols and lines to
represent bonds
Molecular Model
• Replaces atomic symbols with color coded “balls
and sticks”
What is the molecular
formula for this model?
Lewis Structures
This model helps us learn where the electrons in bonds
come from. We use dots to represent electrons.
We use the atomic symbol of the atoms along with
dots to represent the valence electrons of the atoms
For Oxygen:
The dots also represent paired and unpaired electrons
from the atom's orbital configuration
Lewis Structures
Lets do some examples:
Lewis Structures
We will revisit Lewis Structures and
get lots of practice with them in
Chapter 5!
Ionic Bonding
Octet rule: The goal for all main group elements
when they from compounds is to achieve a full octet in
their outer most shell.
So metals give up electrons to get to a full shell
and
nonmetals accept electrons to get to a full shell
Ionic Bonding Theo Gray’s making salt video
1st Ionization Energy of
Na:
+496 kJ/mol
(endothermic)
Electron affinity of Cl:
-349 kJ/mol
(exothermic)
If you add them
together:
496 kJ/mol + (-349
kJ/mol) =
+147 kJ/mol
which is endothermic
and should not be
spontaneous
Why does it happen
and why is it so
Writing formulas for ionic
compounds
•Ionic compounds always contain positive and negative ions.
•In a chemical formula, the sum of the charges of the positive ions (cations) must equal
the sum of the charges of the negative ions (anions).
•The formula of an ionic compound reflects the smallest whole-number ratio of ions.
Naming Ionic Compounds
Naming Ionic Compounds with metals
that form only one type of cation
For Naming –
You need to memorize Tables 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4
Naming Ionic Compounds
For CHEM 130 you need to know that:
Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Sn, Hg, and Pb
can all have multiple charges.
You need to be able to determine the
charge on these metal ions and
specify the charge when giving the
name of the ionic compound.
You can use the anion to figure out
the charge of the metal.
Naming Ionic Compounds with metals
that forms more than one type of cation
Naming Ionic
Compounds
Polyatomic ions
Hydrated Ionic Compounds
What would
be the
name of
these two
cobalt
compounds
?
Hydrated Ionic Compounds
Co(II)Cl2.6H2O Co(II)Cl2 anhydrous
