© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
OSI Reference Model
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2
ISO / OSI / IOS
ISO : International Organization
for Standardization
OSI : Open System Interconnect
（ Reference Model ）
IOS : Internetwork Operating System
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-3
The OSI Reference Model
• The ISO created and released the OSI reference
model in 1984 to provide vendors with a set of
standards to ensure greater compatibility and
interoperability between various types of network
technologies.
• The OSI reference model reduces complexity,
standardizes interfaces, facilitates modular
engineering, ensures interoperable technology,
accelerates evolution, and simplifies teaching and
learning.
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-4
The OSI Reference Model
7 Application
6 Presentation
• Reduces complexity
5 Session • Standardizes interfaces
• Facilitates modular engineering
4 Transport • Ensures interoperable technology
• Accelerates evolution
3 Network
• Simplifies teaching and learning
2 Data Link
1 Physical
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-5
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Network Processes to Applications
7 Application • Provides network services to
application processes (such as
electronic mail, file transfer,
6 Presentation and terminal emulation)
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-6
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
Network Process to Applications
7 Application
Data Representation
• Ensures data is readable by
6 Presentation receiving system
• Formats data
5 Session • Structures data
• Negotiates data transfer syntax
4 Transport for application layer
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-7
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
7 Application Network Process to Applications
6 Presentation Data Representation
Interhost Communication
5 Session • Establishes, manages, and
terminates sessions between
applications
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-8
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
7 Application Network Process to Applications
6 Presentation Data Representation
5 Session Interhost Communication
End-to-End Connections
4 Transport • Handles transportation issues
between hosts
• Ensures data transport reliability
3 Network
• Establishes, maintains and
terminates virtual circuits
2 Data Link • Provides reliability through fault
detection and recovery
information flow control
1 Physical
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-9
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
7 Application Network Process to Applications
6 Presentation Data Representation
5 Session Interhost Communication
4 Transport End-to-End Connections
Data Delivery
3 Network • Provides connectivity and path
selection between two host systems
2 Data Link • Routes data packets
• Selects best path to deliver data
1 Physical
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-10
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
7 Application Network Process to Applications
6 Presentation Data Representation
5 Session Interhost Communication
4 Transport End-to-End Connections
Network Data Delivery
3
Access to Media
2 Data Link • Defines how data is formatted for
transmission and how access to the
network is controlled
1 Physical
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-11
The Seven Layers of the OSI Model
7 Application Network Process to Applications
6 Presentation Data Representation
5 Session Interhost Communication
4 Transport End-to-End Connections
Network Data Delivery
3
2 Data Link Access to Media
Binary Transmission
Physical • Defines the electrical, mechanical,
1 procedural, and functional
specifications for activating,
maintaining, and deactivating the
physical link.
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-12
Data Encapsulation
Sender
User Data
L7
7 Application HDR
User Data
L6 L7
6 Presentation HDR HDR User Data
L6 L7
5 Session L5
HDR HDR
User Data
HDR
L4 L5 L6 L7
4 Transport HDR HDR HDR HDR
User Data
L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
3 Network HDR HDR HDR HDR HDR
User Data
L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
2 Data Link HDR HDR HDR HDR HDR HDR
User Data FCS
1 Physical Bits
HDR = header
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-13
Data De-Encapsulation
Receiver
User Data
L7
7 Application HDR
User Data
L6 L7
6 Presentation HDR HDR User Data
L6 L7
5 Session L5
HDR HDR
User Data
HDR
L4 L5 L6 L7
4 Transport HDR HDR HDR HDR
User Data
L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
3 Network HDR HDR HDR HDR HDR
User Data
L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7
2 Data Link HDR HDR HDR HDR HDR HDR
User Data FCS
1 Physical Bits
HDR = header
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-14
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Sender Receiver
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Segments
Transport Transport
Packets
Network Network
Frames
Data Link Data Link
Bits
Physical Network Physical
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-15
TCP/IP Model
Application
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-16
TCP/IP Protocol Stack vs. OSI Model
TCP/IP Protocol Stack OSI Model
Application
Application
Application Presentation Layers
Protocols
Session
Transport Transport
Internet Network
Data Flow
Layers
Networks Data Link
Network
Access
Physical
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-17
Summary
• The OSI reference model reduces complexity,
standardizes interfaces, facilitates modular
engineering, ensures interoperable technology,
accelerates evolution, and simplifies teaching and
learning.
• Each layer of the OSI model has a set of unique
functions. The seven layers of the OSI model are
the application, presentation, session, transport,
network, data-link, and physical layers.
• Encapsulation is the process in which data is
wrapped in a particular protocol header before
network transit.
© 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v1.0a—1-18
