ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

MODULE – 3:environmental
pollution
Environmental Pollution (Sources,
Impacts, Corrective and Preventive measures,
Relevant Environmental Acts, Case-studies):
Surface and Ground Water Pollution; Noise
pollution; Soil Pollution and Air Pollution.
Waste Management & Public Health Aspects:
Bio-medical Wastes; Solid waste; Hazardous
wastes; E-wastes;
Industrial and Municipal Sludge.
WATER
POLLUTION
 Water pollution is the contamination of water
bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
 Water pollution affects plants and organisms living
in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases
the effect is damaging either to individual species
and populations, but also to the natural biological
communities.
 Water pollution occurs when pollutants are
discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies
without adequate treatment to remove harmful
compounds.
WATER POLLUTION
S OURCES
Water pollution

 Point sources
 Discharge at specific locations
 Easier to identify, monitor, regulate

 Nonpoint sources
 Runoff of chemicals and sediment
 Agriculture
 Control is difficult and expensive
POINT SOURCE AND NON
POINT SOURCE
POLLUTANTS
MAJOR SOURCES OF WATER
POLLUTION
Agriculture: by far the leader
 Sediment, fertilizers, bacteria
from food
processing,
livestock, salt
from irrigation soil
Industrial: factories and
powerplants
Mining: surface
mining toxics,
acids, sediment
SOURCES OF WATER
POLLUTION.
INDUSTRY
 Industr y is a huge source of water pollution, it produces
pollutants
that are extremely harmful to people and the environment.

Many industrial facilities use freshwater to

carry away waste from the plant and into rivers,
lakes and oceans.
Pollutants from industrial sources include:
Asbestos – This pollutant is a serious health
hazard
fibres can be. inhaled and cause illnesses such as
asbestosis,
Asbestos lung cancer, intestinal cancer and liver
cancer.
Lead – This is a metallic element and can cause health and
environmental problems. It is a non-biodegradable
substance
so is hard to clean up once the environment is
contaminated.
Lead is harmful to the health of many animals, including
humans, as it can inhibit the action of bodily enzymes.
 OIL POLLUTION IN

WATER
Oceans are polluted
by oil on a daily basis
from oil spills, routine
shipping, run-offs and
dumping.

Oil spills make up about

12% of the oil that enters
the ocean. The rest come
from shipping
travel, drains and dumping.
 OIL POLLUTION IN
 WATER
An oil spill from a tanker is a severe problem because
there is such a huge quantity of oil being spilt into one
place.

Oil spills cause a very localised problem but can

be
catastrophic to
local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters.

Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge

in
the water. This suffocates fish, gets caught in
the
feathers of marine birds stopping them from flying
and
blocks light from photosynthetic aquatic plants.
RADIO ACTIVE
WASTE
 OCEAN POLLUTION
Coastal areas – highly
productive ecosystems
Occupied by 40% of
population
Twice that population by 2050
About 80% marine pollution
originates on land

Deep ocean waters

Some capacity to dilute,
disperse, degrade pollutants
Ocean dumping
controversies
Assimilative capacity?
Industry Nitrogen Cities Toxic Urban sprawl
oxides from autos metals and oil Bacteria and viruses from Construction
and smokestacks, from streets and sewers and septic tanks sites
Sediments are washedinto
toxic chemicals, and parking lots contaminate shellfish waterways, choking fishand
heavy metals in pollute waters; beds and close beaches; plants, clouding waters,and
effluents flow into sewage adds runoff of fertilizer from blocking
bays and estuaries. nitrogen and lawns adds nitrogen and sunlight.
phosphorus. phosphorus. Farms
Runoff of pesticides,
manure, and fertilizers
adds toxins and excess
nitrogen andphosphorus.

Red tides
Closed Excess nitrogencauses
Closed shellfish beds explosive growth oftoxic
beach Oxygen- microscopic
depleted zone algae,
poisoning fish andmarine
mammals.

Toxic sediments
Chemicals and toxic
metals contaminate
shellfish beds, kill
spawning fish, and Oxygen-depleted zone
Sedimentation and algae Healthy
accumulate in thetissues
overgrowth reduce zone
Clear, oxygen-rich
of bottom feeders.
sunlight, kill beneficialsea waters
promote growthof
grasses, use up plankton and seagrasses,
oxygen, and degrade and supportfish.
habitat. Fig. 20-15, p.
TYPES OF WATER
POLLUTANTS
The water pollutants that we
will discuss in this lecture
include:
Pathogens
Organic Waste
Chemical
Pollutants
Sediments
Nutrients
 PATHOGE
 NS most serious water pollutants are the
“The
infections agents that cause sickness and
death” .
Waterborne diseases kill thousands of people per
year. The majority of these pathogens are a result of
contaminated water – unsanitary water associate
with poor hygiene.
PATHOGENS
(CONTINUED
Pathogens)are related to poor sanitary
conditions. In
a sense, they are often a result of organic
pollution
Human and animal excrement in water
bodies creates a suitable environment for
these pathogens
The fluid medium allows for quick transmitting
People bathing or drinking in contaminated
streams are exposed to these pathogens
Improved sanitation and hygiene education have
saved more lives than medicine. That is, the
best way to mitigate the spread of infectious
waterborne diseases is to improve sanitary
conditions.
ORGANIC
W ASTE and animal waste creates “serious
Human
problems”
Besides creating a pathogen-friendly
environment, excess organic wastes
reduce the availability of dissolved
oxygen in water.
aerobic bacteria and other decomposers breakdown
organic materials they consume oxygen through
cellular respiration. More organic waste results in
more aerobic decomposition, which ultimately lowers
available oxygen.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) =
measure of the amount of organic material
in water in terms of how much oxygen will
be required to break it down.The higher the
BOD the greater is the likelihood that
dissolved oxygen will be depleted.
 INDIA’S GANGES
RIVER
 Holy River (1 million take
daily holy dip)
 350 million (1/3rd of pop)
live in watershed
 Little sewage treatment
 Used for bathing, drinking
etc.
 Bodies (cremated or not)
thrown in river
 Good news is the Indian
government is beginning
to work on problem
 ORGANIC WASTE,

ANIMALS
Animal Feeding Operations,
colloquially referred to as “Factory
Farms” contain large quantities
of livestock.

The high concentration of animals
generates a lot of waste. Some
animals, such as hogs, produce
substantially more excrement per
pound than humans.

The animal waste poses serious threats
to the environment. It is
high
in organic materials, nutrients,
heavy metals, and pathogens
WASTE
LAGOONS
 Waste from the AFO are
hosed into waste lagoons.
 Ideally within the lagoons
the solids become
concentrated as the http://lwcd.org/images/MCR_earthen_Waste_lagoon.JPG

water evaporates.
The manure can then be
used as a fertilizer.
 These waste lagoons can
leak into the environment
contaminating surface and
ground water with organic
waste, nutrients, heavy
metals, and pathogens

Photo Source: Dairy Waste Pictorial, EPA Region 10 and Washington State Dairy
Federation
 CHEMICAL
WASTE
“Water-soluble inorganic
chemicals constitute an
important class of
pollutants that include”
Heavy metals (lead,
mercury, cadmium,
nickel, Def Leppard)
Acids from mine
drainage
Road salts
Petroleum
Urban runoff
Pesticides, fungicides,
herbicides
 SEDIMEN
TS
 All streams transport some degree of
sediments.
 Development or construction within
the watershed can increase the
amount of sediment in streams.
 Excess sediment will “choke the
stream”
 The environmental effect is loss of
biodiversity, change in hydrology,
and ruining the aesthetic beauty of
the water body.
 Sediments also act as surface area
for other pollutants, like heavy
metals. So greater
concentrations of sediments will
directly result in higher concentration
of other pollutants.
 SEPTIC
SYSTEM
 Waste leaving the home septic
flows through a tank.
• In the tank the solids settle towards the bottom.
• Here the organics breakdown through aerobic
and anaerobic decomposition.
• The colloidal and dissolved inorganics flow out
into the yard via a drain field.
• The effluent is supposedly filtered naturally by
the lawns, gardens, and soil microbes.
 PREVENTIO
NS
If you want to help keep our waters clean, there are many things
you can do to help. You can prevent water pollution of nearby
rivers and lakes as well as groundwater and drinking water by
following some simple guidelines in your everyday life.
 Conserve water by turning off the tap when running water is not
necessary. This helps prevent water shortages and reduces the
amount f contaminated water that needs treatment.

 Be careful about what you throw down your sink or toilet. Don't
throw paints, oils or other forms of litter down the drain.

 Useenvironmentally household products, such as washing

powder, household cleaning agents and toiletries.
 PREVENTIO
Take great NS
care not to overuse pesticides
and
fertilizers.
This will prevent runoffs of the
material into nearby water sources.

By having more plants

preventing in your garden
fertilizer, you
pesticides
contaminated water and from
nearby
are water sources. running off into

Don't throw litter into rivers, lakes or oceans. Help

clean up any litter you see on beaches or in rivers
and lakes, make sure it is safe to collect the litter
and put it in a nearby dustbin.
 GROUNDWATER
POLLUTION

33
 GROUNDWATER POLLUTION

•Input of untreated domestic wastewater (BOD, Suspended

solids, nutrients, bacteria and viruses, etc.)

• Industrial spills; mining (BOD, SS, micropollutants)

• Agriculture (NO3- , pesticides, Cl- ....)

• Pit latrines and other on-site sanitation systems

• Waste dumps (domestic and hazardous wastes)

Treatment: slow, difficult and very expensive --> prevention!

31
Groundwater-surface water relationships
 Groundwater sampling/ analysis
Piezometer nests
in Exfiltration area

Peat

Holocene Cover
Clay

Peat

Clay

Sand

Pleistocene 1st aquifer

52
Groundwater sampling/analysis

Sampling a 60 m deep groundwater well in

Karst spring, Mount Hermon area, Syria
Limburg, The Netherlands

Dug well in Yemen highland

Hidden in the little hill, a public supply

Groundwater seep (with very low
drinking water well, Brixen, Italy
electrical conductivity!!)
Artesian well, Strijbeekse beek,
South-Pare mountains, Tanzania
The Netherlands
Groundwater sampling/analysis
Maps
(GPS)
Field book
Bottles:
acidified,
non-
acidified
Syringe with filter holder and filter
paper EC meter
pH meter
Alkalinity
set

54
CLASSICAL CONTAMINANT
CONCEPTUAL
MODEL

61
LNAPL (LIGHT NON-AQUEOUS PHASE LIQUID;
E.G. PETROL, BENZENE)

62
DNAPL (D ENSE NON -AQUEOUS PHASE
LIQUID, E.G. HEAVY OILS)

63
 FATE OF POLLUTANTS IN
GROUNDWATER
Groundwater flow cm’s/day (much less in clay)

• Adsorption/precipitation (but for e.g. NO3- unhindered flows)

• Microbiological degradation (e.g. BOD; also die-off of bacteria)
• Complexation, redox reactions, etc. (e.g. Fe2+  Fe3+Fe(OH)3↓)
40
SOME CASE STUDIES
 ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES (18CIV59)
Module - 3
Environmental Pollution (Sources, Impacts, Corrective and
Preventive measures, Relevant Environmental Acts, Case-
studies): Surface and Ground Water Pollution; Noise
pollution; Soil Pollution and Air Pollution.
Waste Management & Public Health Aspects: Bio- medical
Wastes; Solid waste; Hazardous wastes; E- wastes;
Industrial and Municipal Sludge.
ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
POLLUTION

.
 Why worry about

noise?
Of all the pollution concerns:
 Air,water,land, and noise; noise
pollution
is the one that has the potential for the
most damage to humans and wildlife.
 It is a hidden health hazard that impacts
our physical, psychological
and intellectual well being.
 Our ears never shut down, even
while we are sleeping, so the input is
constant.
Noise is
Everywh
ere
 Source of
Noise
1. Noise in Industrial Area

2. Noise in Residential Area

 Mechanical devices
 Voices
 Music's
 Neighbors

3. Transportation Noise


 Road Traffic
Rail Traffic
 Air Traffic
Continuation of
sources
4. Constrution Noise /Public /Military

5. Domestic

6. Noise from Leisure Activities

What does our ear
drum do?
Sound waves are
collec ted by our ear canal
and passed to the
ear drum, which vibrates.
The sound waves
are then picked up by fluid
in the inner ear and passed
to the inner ear structures
where the acoustic nerve
connects to the brain.
The
Numbers
 Rustling leaves- 10db  Stereo - 90 db
 whisper - 30 db
 bagpipes - 90-110 db
 normal speech - 60 db
 power saw - 100 db
 television - 70 db
 traffic - 75-80 db  fire cracker - 115-120 db
 blow dryer - 85 db  rock concert - 120 db
 noisy hall - 85 db
 classroom - 85 db  gunshot/train/jet - 150

db
Environmental
Noise
Physical
Effects  Examples: hearing
loss, digestive
disorders, birth
defects, arthritis,
cancer, heart disease,
fatigue, headaches,
asthma, hypertension,
insomnia, sexual
dysfunction, altered
immune system.
Psychological
Examples
Effects

:depression,
anger,
aggression,
anxiety,
increased
violence,
alcohol and
drug use,
 fatigue,
increase
disordersin
suicide,
decreased
Communicative
Effects Examples:

decreased

learning
capacity,
memory
loss, poor
language
skills,decrea
sed speech

developmen
t,
 Sound Mete
Level r



 Noise
control
 Reducing the Sound Producer

 Interrupting the Path of the Source

 Protecting the Recipient

 Industrial Noise
Control
 Community
Noise
 Noise in the
Home
Controlling the noise in your life is not hopeless, but
does require on your part to respect and
determination of noise.
alter the level
Incre trees
Wear ear plugs in
ase andaroun
very loud places.
Filtered ear plugs, shrubs d
such as Sonic II can propert
 Be of
be purchased in any y.
aware your
music or gun shop. surroundin and
They reduce the
whatever
gs
reduce
you the noise
damaging decibels,
whereas foam plugs level. do
will muffle sound Find quiet time can
but still allow too daily. will absorb to
plants
high a decibel Carpeting, pictures
range to enter your
ears. and
sound.
noisy
 Limit your time in
environment
SOIL POLLUTION &
IT’S
REMEDIES
 SOIL
•
POLLUTION
It is defined as the build-up in soils of persistent
toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive
materials, or disease causing agents, which have
adverse effects on plant growth and animal
health.
• Soil pollution is also caused by means other than
the direct addition of xenobiotic (man-made)
chemicals such as agricultural runoff waters,
industrial waste materials, acidic precipitates, and
 Causes
ofSoilPollution
• Seepage from a landfill
• Discharge of industrial waste into the soil
• Percolation of contaminated water into the
soil
• Rupture of underground storage tanks
• Excess application of pesticides, herbicides
or
fertilizer

• Solid waste seepage

  Excess application of
pesticides etc.

Excess use & disposal of Plastics and polyethene wastes

  Industrial seepage

 Solid waste seepage

The most common chemicals
involved in causing soil
pollutionare:
• Petroleum hydrocarbons

• Heavy metals

• Pesticides

• Solvents
 Typesof
SoilPollution
• Agricultural Soil Pollution
i) pollution of surfacesoil

ii) pollution of undergroundsoil

• Soil
pollution by industrial effluents and solid
wastes
i) pollution of surfacesoil

ii) disturbances in soil profile

• Pollution due to urban activities

i) pollution of surfacesoil

ii) pollution of undergroundsoil

Agricultu
ral
effects:
 Industrial Soil
• Large Pollution
quantity of solid wastes like
unused and
rejected
chemicals (like sludge, press mud, saw bottles
dust, plastic materials etc.), unwanted ,
industrial waste
s
Industrial Soil
Pollution
 Industrialeffe
•
cts:
Dangerous chemicals entering underground
water.

• Ecological imbalance.

• Release of pollutant gases.

• Increased salinity.

• Reduced vegetation.
 Industrial
Effects:

Soil pollution due to industrial

waste

Polluted land with dangerous chemicals

Urbanizat
ion
effects:

Contamination of soil due to

waste
water
Some moreeffects of soil
pollution:
•Pollution runs off into rivers and kills the fish, plants and

other aquatic life.

•Crops and fodder grown on polluted soil may pass the
pollutants
on to the consumers.

• Polluted soil may no longer grow crops and fodder

• Soil structure is damaged (clay ionic structure impaired.)

• Corrosion of foundations and pipelines

• May release vapours and hydrocarbon into buildings and

cellars
• May create toxic dusts
Some more effects of soil
pollution:
 Methods to control
• Weeds soak up minerals in the soil. Reducing weed
SoilPollution
growth helps reduce soil pollution. One of the more
common methods of reducing weed growth is covering
the soil with numerous layers of wet newspapers or a
plastic sheet for several weeks before cultivation. This
prevents light from reaching the weeds, which kills them.
• Designated pits should be used for the dumping of soil
wastes. These wastes should be treated chemically and
biologically to make them less toxic and hazardous.
Methods to control
Soil Pollution
 Air Pollution
Its Causes and Effects
 Air
pollution
:Definitio
The presence
n or
ofone
more
chemicals in
the atmosphere
insufficient
quantities and
duration to
cause harm to
 Air
Pollution
Air pollution results
from Air pollutants
human activities
such as burning
fossil fuels (oil, coal,
and gasoline) to
create electricity
and power
automobiles, and
manufacture
industrial products
such as chemicals
and plastic.
 What is air
A pollutants?
substance in the air that can
cause harm to humans and the
environment is known as an air
pollutant.
Pollutants can be in the form of
solid particles, liquid droplets, or
gases. In addition, they may be
natural or man-made.
 Six major
air
pollutants
• Carbon monoxide (CO) &
Carbon dioxide (CO2 )
• Ozone (O3)
• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• Sulfur oxides (SOx)
• Particulate Matter
• Lead (Pb)
Major
sources of
pollutants
 There are two
types of
pollutants:
• Primary pollutants: those
emitteddirectly into the air;
e.g. (SO2), (CO), (NO), (NO2)
• Secondary pollutants: those that
form as a result of a chemical
reaction of the primary pollutant
with a natural component of
the environment.; e.g. some
ozone, sulfuric and nitric acids.
Types of Air
Pollutants
 Primary Air
Pollutants
• Carbon oxides (CO2 and CO)
• Nitrogen oxides
• Sulphur oxides
• Volatile organic compounds
– hydro carbons
• Suspended particulate
matter
• Chemical pollutants such as:
(Lead, Beryllium, etc…)
 Natur
Volcani
al Fore
c Sourc st
Eruptio es Fire
ns s
 Man-made
Sources
Deforestation
• The removal of a forest or stand of trees
where the land is thereafter converted to a
non-forest use.
• The removal of trees without sufficient
reforestation has resulted in habitat damage,
biodiversity loss, and aridity.
• It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of
atmospheric carbon dioxide
 Emissions from
industries and
manufacturing
Have you seen a manufacturing company
before?
activities
You will notice that there are long tubes
(called chimneys) erected high into the air,
with lots of smoke and fumes coming out of it.
Waste incinerators, manufacturing industries
and power plants emit high levels
of carbon monoxide, organic compounds, and
chemicals into the air.
This happens almost everywhere that
people live.
Petroleum refineries also release lots of
hydrocarbons into the air.
The Effects Air
Pollution
1) Acid Rain
2) Eutrophication
3) Effect on Wildlife
4) Depletion of Ozone
layer
5) Effect on Human
Health
6) Green House Effect
and Global Warming
7) Ground-level ozone
Wildlife affected by air
pollution
Ozone layer
Depletion
General
solutions
• Switch from coal to cleaner
fuels – use natural gas
• Reduce energy use,
improveenergy efficiency
• Burn less coal, use lower
sulfurcoals. Coal gasification
• After burning the SO2 can be
cleaned out by scrubbing
• Taxing emissions
 Urban
trends:
• Discourage auto use, reduce
number of cars
• Require electric cars
• Improve public transport
• Control NOx by recirculating
exhaust
• Catalytic converters removes
CO and hydrocarbons by
converting to CO2 and water
Environment Laws In
India
The Constitution under Part IVA (Art
51A-Fundamental Duties) casts a duty
on every citizen of India to
protect and improve the natural
environment including forests,
lakes, rivers and wildlife

The Constitution of India under
Part IV
48A-Directive (Art of State
Principles stipulates Policies) shall
protect
that andthe improve endeavour
the
environment
State and to to
safeguard the forests and wildlife of the
country.
Environment Laws In
India
The National GreenTribunalAct, 2010
The Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act,1981
The Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act,1974
The Environment Protection
Act,1986
The Hazardous Waste Management
Regulations, etc
Other Laws Relating to
Environment
TheWildlife
ProtectionAct,1972
The Forest
ConservationAct,1980
Public Liability
InsuranceAct,1991
The Biological
DiversityAct,2002
 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
(18CIV59)
Module - 3
Environmental Pollution (Sources, Impacts, Corrective and
Preventive measures, Relevant Environmental Acts, Case-
studies): Surface and Ground Water Pollution; Noise
pollution; Soil Pollution and Air Pollution.
Waste Management & Public Health Aspects: Bio- medical
Wastes; Solid waste; Hazardous wastes; E- wastes;
Industrial and Municipal Sludge.
Solid Waste
Management
 What is Electronic Waste?
It may be defined
as, computers, office
electronic equipment,
entertainment devices
& many other
electronic or electrical
devices which are
unwanted, broken &
discarded by their
original users are
known as „E- Waste‟ or
„Electronic Waste‟
 How these become E-
Waste?
Reasons:
Advancement in

technology

Changes in Style,

Fashion &

Status

Nearing the end of

their useful life

 Constituents
E-
Waste of
E-Waste
ComponenE Waste Environmenta
l Hazard
Effects on
Human
Source
CRTs (used in TVs,
t
- : These metals leaching
Lead, barium Anemia, Renal
Monitors, ATM, & other heavy into the ground water Toxicity,
Video Camera, etc), metals and release of toxic Insomnia
Batteries, PVC phosphor
cables, Paints
Batteries, Housing & Mercury Air emissions as well as Renal Toxicity,
Medical discharge Muscle tumors,
Equipment into rivers of glass dust Mental retardation,
Cerebral palsy
Plastics from plasticizer Chlorinated plastics Risk in
printers, bisephenol- release harmful developing
keyboards, A(or BPA), as chemicals intothe heart
monitors, etc well DEHP and surrounding soil, which problems,
DBP, plastic seep into ground water or obesity,
compounds other surrounding water reproductive
known as sources which cause disease
phthalates serious harm to the
species that drinkthis
 E-Waste Disposal
A Problem & Challenge !!!

• Landfill disposal allows heavy metals to leach

into ground water
• Incineration makes hazardous material airborne
• Acid baths are dangerous and cause water
and soil contamination
• Exported materials are handled improperly
• Most E-Waste goes to China, India & Africa
• Workers are untrained and uneducated in
safe handling of electronic waste
• No environmental protection laws
 E-Waste Disposal
Methods of treatment & disposal:
• Landfill
• Incineration
• Pyrolysis
• Recycle &
Reuse

Existing E-Waste
Management Practices in
India:-
• Plastic Waste :
Products made from plastics such as keyboards,
casing, front or real panel.
Miscellaneous parts encased in plastics
Management Practice - The shredding & melting

• Printed Circuit Board Waste:

Used in electronic parts such as motherboard, TV
 Recycling of E-Waste
• Disassembly/dismantling :
Disassembly is the systematic removal of components, parts, a group
of parts or a subassembly from a product which is in E-Waste

• Upgrading :
It includes comminuting and separation of materials using mechanical /
physical and/or metallurgical
processing. Methods to recover materials include incineration andrefining.

• Materials Recovery :
The material are recovered by recycling facilities. The plastic,
glass, metals can be recovered by sorting them before mixing with other
waste.
 Advantages of Recycling

• Asset recovery

• Reduction of need for

landfills

• Reduction of junks and

clutters

• Resale and Reuse

• Creation of jobs
 Environmental
Protection
• List of EPA - Worldwide:
i.
Agency(EPA)
Earth System Governance Project
ii. Global EnvironmentFacility(GEF)
iii. Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change(IPCC)
iv. United Nations Environment
Program me(UNEP)
v. World Nature Organization(WNO)
vi. World Wide Fund For
Nature(WWF)
 Environmental Protection
Agency(EPA)
• List of EPA - INDIA:
i. Central Pollution Control
Board(CPCB)
ii. Gujarat Pollution Control
Board
iii. Ministry of Environment and
Forests
iv. Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control
Board(APPCB)
 E-
 E - Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 have been
Waste
notified on May 1, 2011 and came into effect from May 1,
2012, with primary objective to reduce the use of hazardous
substances in electrical and electronic equipment by specifying
threshold for use of hazardous material and to channelize the
e-waste generated in the country for environmentally sound
recycling. The Rules apply to every producer, consumer or bulk
consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste
involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of
electrical and electronic equipment or components as detailed
in the Rules.
 Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001 deal with the
proper and effective management and handling of lead acid
batteries waste. The Act requires all manufacturers,
assemblers, re-conditioners, importers, dealers, auctioneers,
bulk consumers, consumers, involved in manufacture,
processing, sale, purchase and use of batteries or components
thereof, to comply with the provisions of Batteries
(Management & Handling) Rules, 2001.
BIO MEDICALW
ASTE MANAG
EMENT
 What is Bio-medical waste??
Definition
Waste generated during the
diagnosis, testing, treatment, research or
production of biological products for
humans or animals (WHO)
Bio-Medical
Wastes
Non-Infectious
waste, 80%

Pathological
and
Infectious
waste, 15%

Radioactive,
Cytotoxic Chemical and
and heavy Sharps, Pharmaceutical
metals, 1% waste, 3%
 Sources of Bio-MedicalWaste
Major Sources Minor sources

 Hospitals  Clinics
 Labs  Dental clinics
 Research centers  Home care
 Animal research  Cosmetic clinics
 Blood banks  Paramedics
 Nursing homes  Funeral services
 Mortuaries  Institutions
 Autopsy centers
Waste Sharps eg: Discarded medicines
Needles

Human anatomical waste Solid waste eg: cotton swabs

 Hospital waste
disposal

Blood bags found in the municipal waste stream in violation of

such for
rules 29
waste.
 LEGISLATION

• Recognizing the deadliest nature of the Bio-

Medical
Waste, the and Pollution
Government Boards guidelinesControl of Ministry
Environment the of
and Forests(MOEF).
under
•
MOEF have promptly designed and issued
guidelines to the hospitals to ensure a proper and
safe disposal of bio-medical waste
• “BIO-MEDICAL WASTE Management &
Handling
RULE 1998 came into effect.
• Provides uniform guidelines practice
and code of Bio-medical for
waste management.
 Biomedical Waste
Management and Handling
Rules,
[Amended in 2000]
1998
• These rules apply to all persons who generate,
collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose
or handle bio-medical waste in any form. All
Institutions generating BMW must take
allsteps to ensure that such waste is handled
without any adverse effect to human health and
the environment
 PENALTIES AS PER
RULES
• The PENALTIES are as specified in
Environment (Protection) Act1986.

• Imprisonment for upto five years with

fine upto one lakh rupees, or both.

• In case the failure additional fine upto

five thousand rupees for everyday.
 Bio-Medical Waste Disposal Cycle
Legislation
(BMW
Rule)

Common Facility Implement

(Transportation, Treatment tingAuthority
And Disposal)

Waste
Generator
(Hospitals)
 6. Label of Hazard
Warnings

toxic Gas explosive

inflammable
bottle

Radiatio biohazard corrosive Health danger

n
REGISTERED, AUTHORIZED, BMW TRANSPORTERS

Safe n sportatio
Tra n
 DISPOSAL METHODS OF BIO-MEDICAL
WASTES

• Incineration
• Chemical disinfection
• Inertisation
• Autoclave
• Encapsulation
• Microwave
• Shredder
• Plasma pyrolysis
• Deep burial

• G.J multiclave Ltd is external agency managing

final disposal in this zone.