FLUID MECHANICS - II

Md. Shariful Islam

07/18/2025
 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines

07/18/202
 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines

The Discharge of the turbine is given by

Where
=diameter of the runner
=diameter of the boss or hub

Peripheral Velocity at inlet = Peripheral Velocity at outlet

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines

• Inlet area of runner = Outlet area of the runner

• Velocity of flow at inlet = Velocity of flow at outlet

• Peripheral velocity at inlet and outlet are equal

• Ignoring frictional resistance, the relative velocity at inlet and

• The inlet vane angle θ is generally obtuse

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
𝑉𝑤
• The discharge at outlet is 𝑀 𝑣 𝑁
𝑂
generally radial 𝛼
𝑉𝑓 𝜃
• The inlet vane angle in most 𝑉
𝑉𝑟
of the cases is obtuse
𝐴
• From the external edge of the
runner to the hub, the runner
vane angle go on varying 𝐵
The Kaplan turbine has a 𝑉 𝑟1
specific speed range 300 to 𝑉 𝑓 1 =𝑉 𝑓 =𝑉 1
𝜑 𝑣 1= 𝑣
1000. 𝑂′ 𝑀′

It is best suited when the large quantity water available at low head
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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines

Number of Blades
• In a propeller of Kaplan turbine, the number of runner blades is
3 to 6 . In some exceptional cases 8 blades have also been
provided.

Ratio of runner diameter to hub diameter

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
Problem 1: A Kaplan turbine develops a shaft power of 24650 kW
at an average head of 39 m. Assuming a speed ratio of 2, flow ratio
0.6, diameter of the hub equal to 0.35 times the diameter of the
runner and an overall efficiency of 90%, calculate the diameter,
speed and the specific speed of the runner.

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
Solution 1:
Shaft power = 24650 kW
H = 39 m

Speed ratio =
Flow ratio =

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
Solution 1:

or

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
Solution 1:

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
Problem 2: The runner of a Kaplan turbine is 4 m in diameter and
the boss 2 m diameter. The turbine works under head of 22 m and
develop 13980 kW of shaft power. The over all efficiency is 85%
and the hydraulic efficiency is 90%. At the extreme edge of the
runner if the guide bade angle is 400 , fine the runner vane angles
at inlet and outlet at the extreme edge of the runner. Find also the
speed of the turbine. Assume that the discharge is radial at outlet.

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
𝑉𝑤
𝑀 𝑣 𝑁
𝑂
𝛼
𝑉𝑓 𝜃
𝑉
𝑉𝑟

𝑉 𝑟1
𝑉 𝑓 1 =𝑉 𝑓 =𝑉 1
𝜑 𝑣 1= 𝑣
𝑂′ 𝑀′

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
Solution 2: Given,

Find out
Overall efficiency

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Propeller and Kaplan Turbines
Solution 2

Hence v>Vw the inlet vane angle θ is obtuse

Similarly

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Pelton Wheel
• The Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine
• It is suitable for high head and low discharge

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Pelton Wheel

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Pelton Wheel
Inlet and outlet vector diagram

Where,
v = velocity of the vane at the impact point
V = velocity of the jet
D = diameter of the wheel corresponding to the impact point
= pitch circle diameter
In the Pelton wheel turbine
The relative velocity at inlet

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 Hydraulic Turbine
Pelton Wheel
It is a parallel flow turbine, so the peripheral velocity at inlet and
out are equal

If the frictional resistance along the vanes is ignored then the

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 Hydraulic Turbine
𝑉 𝑤1
𝑣1 Let
𝜑𝑉 Whirl Velocity at inlet
𝑓1 𝑉1
𝑉 𝑟1
Whirl Velocity at outlet

v Work done per second per N of water

𝑉 𝑟1 𝑉1
𝑉 𝑓 1𝑣
𝜑 1

𝑉 𝑤1 07/18/202
 Hydraulic Turbine
𝑉 𝑤1
𝑣1
𝜑𝑉
𝑓1 𝑉1
𝑉 𝑟1 Force exerted per newton of water

V Hydraulic Efficiency
Energy head at inlet
v
𝑉 𝑟 =𝑉 − 𝑣

𝑉 𝑟1 𝑉1
𝑉 𝑓 1𝑣
𝜑 1

𝑉 𝑤1 07/18/202
Thank
s

07/18/2025