Government Polytechnic Mumbai

Department of Electronics Engineering

Fiber Optic Communication

Mrs. Sangita V Bannore

Sr. Lecturer in Electronics Engineering Department

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Fiber Optic Communication

• Electronics Department Vision and Mission

• Program Outcomes
• Program Educational Outcomes
• Program Specific Outcomes
• Course Outcomes
• Examination scheme
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Applications

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Electronics Dept

VISION
Develop competent technician

&

practicing engineers in the field of electronics

engineering.

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 Electronics Dept

Mission
To achieve our vision the department will update for continuous
innovation, dedication to improve quality and provision of considerate
facilities.

1. Deploying quality infrastructure and laboratory equipment.

2. Promote innovations in curriculum, teaching, learning & staff

training.

3. Offering CEP and Community program.

4. Promoting Industry culture in work. Industry liasoning & enhancing

employability.

Fiber 5. Embracing
Optic changes and encouraging innovations in Electronics.
Communication SVB
 Electronics Dept
• Program Outcomes (POs) – Program Outcomes are
statements that describe what students are expected to
know and be able to do upon graduating from the Program.
• These relate to the skills, knowledge, attitude and
behaviour that students acquire through the program.
• Course Outcomes (COs) – Course Outcomes are narrower
statements that describe what students are expected to
know, and are able to do at the end of each course.
• These relate to the skills, knowledge and behaviour that
students acquire in their progress through the course.

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Electronics Dept
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs) –Broad statements that
describe the career and professional accomplishments that the
program is preparing graduates to achieve.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs ): These are statements that

defines outcomes of a program which make students realize the
fact that the knowledge and techniques learnt in this course has
direct implication for the betterment of society and its
sustainability.
PSOs are a statement that describes what students are expected
to know and be able to do in a specialized area of discipline upon
graduation from a program.
Fiber Optic Communication SVB
 Electronics Dept
i) Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science
and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering
problems.

ii) Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.

iii) Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems
and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified needs.

iv) Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

v) Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.

vi) Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined
engineering activities.

vii) Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes.
Fiber Optic Communication SVB
 Electronics Dept

Program Outcomes
• PO-1 Basic knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of basic
mathematics, science and engineering to solve the
engineering problems.
• PO-2 Discipline knowledge: An ability to apply discipline -
specific knowledge to solve core and/or applied engineering
problems.
• PO-3 Experiments and practice: An ability to plan and
perform experiments and practices and to use the results to
solve engineering problems.

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 Electronics Dept
• PO-4 Engineering Tools: Apply appropriate technologies and
tools with an understanding of the limitations.
• PO-5 The engineer and society: Demonstrate knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and
the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering
practice.
• PO-6: Environment and sustainability: Understand the
impact of the engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge
and need for sustainable development.

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 Electronics Dept
• PO-7: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to
professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
• PO-8: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an
individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse/multidisciplinary teams.
• PO-9: Communication: An ability to communicate effectively.
• PO-10: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have
the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-
long learning in the context of technological changes.

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 Electronics Dept
Program Educational Outcomes

• PEO-1 To acquire a strong background in basic science &

mathematics & develop abilities to use these tools in
electronics engineering.
• PEO-2 To develop the ability to apply technical competence
in the fields of electronics engineering.
• PEO-3 To attain professional excellence through lifelong
learning.

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 Electronics Dept
Program Educational Outcomes

• PEO-4 To attain the professional qualities useful in industry.

• PEO-5 To produce engineers possessing ethical, moral
character and professional qualities.

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 Electronics Dept
Programme Specific Outcomes

• PSO-1: Develop the ability to organize test set up and operate

the equipment.
• PSO-2: Analyse, implement, demonstrate and find the faults
in the Electronic circuits.
• PSO-3: Design and simulate electronic circuits and systems
for solving real time problems and applications.

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 Electronics Dept

Course Outcomes
• CO1: Classify different types of Optical Fibers, its structure
and components.
• CO2: Describe and use different splicing techniques and
connectors.
• CO3: Measure different losses and attenuation in fiber optics
using OTDR...
• CO4: Categorize various sources and detectors used in FOC.

• CO5: Develop knowledge of Wavelength Division

Multiplexing.
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 Electronics Dept
Examination Scheme

Course Code : EC19405 Course Title: Fiber Optic Communication

Programme: EC

Teaching Scheme and Credits

Course Code : EC16408 Examination
Course Title: Fiber Optic Scheme
Communication

Compulsory / Optional: Compulsory

TH TU PR Total TH
Teaching Scheme and TS1+TS2 PR
Examination Scheme OR TW Total
Credits
TH TU PR Total TH TS PR OR TW Total
50
3 - 2 5 70 30 - - 150
*

4 - 2 6 60 20+20 50* - 25 175

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
[Link]
Link for Advantages of optical fiber

• Enormous potential bandwidth

• Small size and weight
• Electrical isolation
• Immunity to interference and crosstalk
• Signal security

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 Advantages of
Optical Fiber
• Low transmission loss
• Ruggedness and flexibility
• System reliability and ease of maintenance
• Potential low cost.

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 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
Enormous potential bandwidth

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
Enormous potential bandwidth
• Light rays are used as carrier waves.
• Light rays have very high frequency.
• Optical fibers provide very large bandwidth due to this high
frequency carrier.
• Bandwidth of optical fibers is around to

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 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
Small Size and Light Weight

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 Advantages of Optical
Fiber

Small Size and Light Weight

• Diameter is very small (size of human hair).
• Occupy less space.
• Highly Flexible.
• Easy to transport and store.

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 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
Electrical isolation

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
Electrical isolation
• Optical Fibers are made of glass (silica) or plastic which are
insulators.
• Light ray travels inside insulating material.
• Therefore there is no chance of electric shock, short circuit
or sparking hazards.

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 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
Immunity to Interference and Crosstalk

• There is no interference in electrically noisy environment.

• There is no effect of EMI or RFI.
• Fibers can be cabled together without any crosstalk.

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 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
Signal Security

• Light rays propagate inside the core of optical fiber.

• Hacking of optical signal is not possible.
• If someone tries to steal signal it can be easily detected.
• Hence specially used for military, banking and secret
messages.

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 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
Low Transmission Loss

• Total internal reflection takes place in optical fibers which

offers very low losses.
• Large spacing between repeaters is possible due to low
losses.
• So can be used for long distance communication.
• Transmission losses are very low(0.2 decibels/kilometer)

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
System reliability and ease of maintenance
• Repeaters, amplifiers and other electronics is required in less
amount, which makes it more reliable.
• Optical fibers can easily serve for 20-30 years.
• High reliability reduces the maintenance and maintenance
cost.

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Advantages of Optical
Fiber
Potential low cost
• Made up of glass(silica/sand) or plastic.
• Available in plenty.
• So cost of optical fibers is very Low.
• Repeaters and other electronics is required in less amount.
• Low cost of transportation, handling, storage and installation
etc.
• [Link]
Advantages link

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 disadvantages of
Optical
Fiber
• The optical fibers are difficult to splice.
• There are losses of the light in the fiber due to scattering
etc.
• They have limited physical arc of cables. If you bend them
too much, they will break.
• The optical fibers are more expensive to install, and they
have to be installed by the specialists.
• Conversion from electrical signal to light signal and vice
versa requires more cost.

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 Applications of Optical
Fiber
Optical fibers have revolutionized the speed with which signals are
transferred, not only across cities but across countries and continents
making telecommunication one of the fastest modes of information
transfer.
• Telecommunications companies to transmit telephone
signals.
• Internet communication and cable television signals.
• In medical field optical fibers are also used in endoscopy.
• Defense/government for data storage and
industrial/commercial.
• Submarines.

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 Applications of Optical
Fiber
Fiber to the home (FTTH)
Also called "fiber to the premises" (FTTP), is the installation and use of
optical fiber from a central point directly to individual buildings such as
residences, apartment buildings and businesses to provide unprecedented
high-speed Internet access.

FTTH dramatically increases the connection speeds available to computer

users compared with technologies now used in most places.

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 Block Diagram of Optical Fiber
Communication System

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Block Diagram of Optical Fiber
Communication System

• Information source provides an electrical signal to a transmitter

comprising an electrical stage.

• Electrical transmit drives an optical source to give modulation of the

light wave carrier.

• Optical source provides the electrical–optical conversion.

• It may either be a semiconductor laser or light-emitting diode (LED).

• The transmission medium consists of an optical fiber cable.

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 Block Diagram of Optical Fiber
Communication System

• Receiver consists of an optical detector which drives a further

electrical stage.

• Hence provides demodulation of the optical carrier.

• Photodiodes (p–n, p–i–n or avalanche) and, in some instances

• Phototransistors and photoconductors are utilized for optical–

electrical conversion.
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 Definitions and Concepts
related to light theory
 Reflection
 Refraction
 Dispersion
 Diffraction
 Absorption
 Scattering

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 Definitions and Concepts
Reflection

• According to law of reflection, the incident ray, reflected ray and normal,
all lie in the same plane.
• The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence.

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 Definitions and Concepts
Refraction

Refraction of light refers to the change in direction of a ray of light

when it travels from one medium to another.

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 Definitions and Concepts
Dispersion

Dispersion of Light can be defined as the splitting of white light when it

passes through a glass prism into its constituent spectrum of colors (i.e.
violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red).

Dispersion figuratively means 'distribution.'

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 Definitions and Concepts
Diffraction

Diffraction is the slight bending of light as it passes around the

edge of an object. e.g
• Bending of light around the corners of door and windows.
• Sun rays coming from the clouds.

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 Definitions and Concepts
Scattering

• Scattering of light is the phenomenon in which light rays get deviated

from its straight path on striking an obstacle like dust or gas molecules,
water vapours etc.

• During day, red light is not scattered as the light travels lesser distance
and scattering of blue light by the atmosphere makes it appear blue.

• During sunrise/sunset, sunlight has to travel larger distance and blue

light is scattered away. Since the red light is scattered less, it can travel
longer distances and hence, sun appears reddish during sunrise/sunset.

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Definitions and Concepts
Absorption

• Light absorption is a process by which light is absorbed and converted

into energy. ...

• Absorption depends on the electromagnetic frequency of the light and

object's nature of atoms.

• Absorption of light is therefore directly proportional to the frequency.

• For example, the leaves of green plants contain a pigment called

chlorophyll, which absorbs the blue and red colors of the spectrum and
reflects the green. Leaves therefore appear green.

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 Ray Theory Transmission

Total internal reflection

Definition of critical angle
Acceptance angle
Numerical Aperture
[Link]
Link for Video on TIR

The refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of the velocity of light in a
vacuum to the velocity of light in the medium.
n1 sin φ1 = n2 sin φ2

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 Ray Theory Transmission
Critical Angle

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 Ray Theory Transmission
Critical Angle

Above is diagram of light rays incident on high to low refractive index

interface.
a) Refraction
b) Limiting case of refraction showing the critical ray at an angle of 90-
degrees.
c) Total internal reflection where Φ>Φc

Critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence that provides

an angle of refraction of 90-degrees.

Note : critical angle is an angle of incidence value.

Value : Sin Φc = n2 / n1

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 Ray Theory Transmission
Total Internal Reflection
[Link]

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Ray Theory Transmission
Total Internal Reflection
[Link]

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 Ray Theory Transmission
Total Internal Reflection

• TIR only takes place when both of the following two conditions are met:
• Light is in the more dense medium and approaching the less dense
medium.
• Angle of incidence is greater than the so-called critical angle.
• When light traveling in an optically dense medium hits a boundary at a
steep angle (larger than the critical angle for the boundary), the light is
completely reflected.
• This is called total internal reflection. This effect is used in optical
fibers to confine light in the core.

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 Ray Theory Transmission
Acceptance Angle

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 Ray Theory Transmission
Acceptance Angle

• NA is related to acceptance angle. As acceptance angle is that max angle

through which light enters the fiber.

• The acceptance angle of an optical fiber is defined based on a purely

geometrical consideration (ray optics)
• It is the maximum angle of a ray (against the fiber axis) hitting
the fiber core which allows the incident light to be guided by the core.
• Any rays which are incident at an angle greater than θa will be
transmitted to core cladding interface at an angle less than Φc and will
not be TIR.

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 Ray Theory Transmission
Numerical Aperture(NA)

• NA is the measure of the ability of an optical fiber to collect or confine

the incident light ray inside it.

• Basically when the light is emitted from an optical source, then the fiber
must be highly efficient so as to collect the maximum emitted radiation
inside it.

• It is efficiency with which light is collected inside the fiber in order to get
propagated.

• Thus we can say that the light gathering efficiency of an optical fiber is
the key characteristic while transmitting a signal through an optical fiber.

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Ray Theory Transmission
Numerical Aperture(NA)

• NA also relates acceptance angle, R.I. of core and cladding and air.

• Hence NA can also be defined as

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Ray Theory Transmission
Numerical Aperture(NA)
1 Sketch and describe the construction of optical fiber. 2
2 Define the term critical angle in optical fiber. 2
3 Define the term Reflection with the help of light theory . 2
4 Define the term Refraction with the help of light theory . 2
5 Define the term dispersion with the help of light theory . 2
6 Define the term diffraction with the help of light theory . 2
7 Define the term scattering with the help of light theory . 2
8 Define the term absorption with the help of light theory . 2
9 Define the term Numerical Aperture (NA). 2
10 List the applications of Fiber optic communication. 2
11 Define the term acceptance angle. 2
12 State the advantages of optical fiber. 2
13 State the disadvantages of optical fiber. 2
14 Draw the block diagram of optic communication system. 2
15 Describe the phenomenon of total internal reflection with diagram. 4
16 Specify the advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber. 4
17 Describe the following term with the help of light theory 1)Diffraction 2)Scattering 4
18 Define the following term with the help of light theory 1)Reflection 2)Dispertion. 4
19 Define the term Numerical aperture (NA) and acceptance angle. 4
20 Describe advantages of optical fiber in detail. 4
21 Draw the block diagram of optic communication system and explain function of each block. 6
22 Define the following term with the help of light theory 1)Reflection 2)Refraction 3)Dispertion. 6

23 Describe the following term with the help of light theory,1)Diffraction 2)Scattering 3)Absorption. 6

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Ray Theory Transmission
Numerical Aperture(NA)
1 Sketch and describe the construction of optical fiber. 2
2 Define the term critical angle in optical fiber. 2
3 Define the term Reflection with the help of light theory . 2
4 Define the term Refraction with the help of light theory . 2
5 Define the term dispersion with the help of light theory . 2
6 Define the term diffraction with the help of light theory . 2
7 Define the term scattering with the help of light theory . 2
8 Define the term absorption with the help of light theory . 2
9 Define the term Numerical Aperture (NA). 2
10 List the applications of Fiber optic communication. 2
11 Define the term acceptance angle. 2
12 State the advantages of optical fiber. 2

Fiber Optic Communication SVB

 Ray Theory Transmission
Numerical Aperture(NA)
13 State the disadvantages of optical fiber. 2

14 Draw the block diagram of optic communication system. 2

15 Describe the phenomenon of total internal reflection with diagram. 4

16 Specify the advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber. 4

17 Describe the following term with the help of light theory 1)Diffraction 2)Scattering 4

18 Define the following term with the help of light theory 1)Reflection 2)Dispertion. 4
19 Define the term Numerical aperture (NA) and acceptance angle. 4

20 Describe advantages of optical fiber in detail. 4

21 Draw the block diagram of optic communication system and explain function of each block. 6

22 Define the following term with the help of light theory 1)Reflection 2)Refraction 3)Dispertion. 6

23 Describe the following term with the help of light theory,1)Diffraction 2)Scattering 3)Absorption. 6

Fiber Optic Communication SVB