Contains of the Experiment
Name of the experiment
Objectives
Theory (Circuit diagram & operation)
Experimental circuit diagram/Practical circuit diagram
Calculation & data table
Results &discussion
Procedure
Precautions
Experiment # 01
Name of the experiment: To design and testing of an Inverting and
Non-inverting amplifier and measure it’s voltage gain.
Objectives: The main objectives of this experiment is-
(i) To know the characteristics of op-amp.
(ii) To know the design of inverting amplifier and it’s characteristics.
(iii) To know the design of non-inverting amplifier and it’s
characteristics
(iv) Find the voltage gain of inverting and non-inverting amplifier.
Theory: An operational amplifier has very high direct coupled negative
feedback amplifier which can amplify signal having frequency ranging
from 0 Hz to little beyond 1 MHz. They are made with different internal
configuration in linear IC. An Op-amp is so named because it was
originally designed to perform mathematical operation like summation,
subtraction, multiplication, differentiation and integration etc., in analog
computer. On other words, operational amplifier is to amplify the
difference between two input signals.
Inverting amplifier: An operational amplifier with non-inverting terminal
grounded and the input signal connected to the inverting input terminal
and this arrangement is known as inverting amplifier where feedback
resister has been connected from the output to the inverting terminal.
From fig-1, we have,
………………. (i)
………………. (ii)
Using KCL for point A, we get, when A is virtual grounded.
Since,
Or,
It is seen that, the output voltage depends on the
ratio of the two terminal resistor and . The negative
ve sign indicates of the polarity in between input and
output.
Non-inverting amplifier: When an input signal is applied to non-inverting
input terminal and the inverting terminal is grounded through a resistor, this
arrangement is known as non-inverting amplifier fig.(2) shows the non-
inverting amplifier.
Fig.(2) shows the feedback resistor has been connected the output to the
inverting terminal and is connected the inverting terminal to ground.
We get from the fig.(2),
and
From the equation, we get,
Or,
Or,
Or,
From the equation we can say that the voltage gain of
non-inverting amplifier is always greater than one.
Apparatus:
(i) An op-amp ( IC
(ii) Oscilloscope (GOS-620)
(iii) Resistors- 2.2 kΩ, 3.3 kΩ, 5.6 kΩ, 6.8 kΩ, 4.7 kΩ, 8.2 kΩ
(iv) A dual dc power supply
(v) Multimeter (GDM-351A,50400224)
(vi) Signal generators
(vii) Bread board circuit
(viii) Connecting wires
Theoretical circuit:
Fig-(1): A typical diagram of an inverting amplifier.
Fig-(2): A typical diagram of a non-inverting amplifier.
1 no. pin- offset null.
2 no. pin-inverting input terminal.
3 no. pin-non-inverting input terminal.
4 no. pin-negative bias supply.
5 no. pin- offset null.
6 no. pin-output terminal.
7 no. pin-positive terminal
8 no. pin-not connected.
Fig-(3): For 741 operational amplifier IC.
Practical circuit:
Fig-(1): Practical circuit for inverting amplifier.
Fig-(2): Practical circuit for non-inverting amplifier.
Calculation & data table:
Table-1: For inverting amplifier (with fixed voltage).
No Resistors, (k) Input Output voltage, Voltage gain
of voltage,
Obs. (volt) (cal) (mea) (cal) (mea)
Ri Rf
01 3.3 5.6 2 -3.39 -3.30 -1.70 -1.65
02 3.3 6.8 2 -4.12 -3.95 -2.06 -1.98
03 3.3 4.7 2 -2.84 -2.80 -1.42 -1.40
04 5.6 6.8 2 -2.43 -2.40 -1.21 -1.20
05 4.7 5.6 2 -2.38 -2.37 -1.19 -1.19
06 4.7 6.8 2 -2.89 -2.90 -1.45 -1.45
07 6.8 8.2 2 -2.41 -2.39 -1.21 -1.21
Table-2: For inverting amplifier (with fixed resistor).
No Resistors, (k) Input Output voltage, Voltage gain
of voltage,
Obs. (volt) (cal) (mea) (cal) (mea)
Ri Rf
01 4.7 6.8 1 -1.45 -1.42 -1.45 -1.42
02 4.7 6.8 1.5 -2.17 -2.20 -1.45 -1.47
03 4.7 6.8 2 -2.88 -2.84 -1.45 -1.42
04 4.7 6.8 2.5 -3.62 -3.50 -1.45 -1.40
05 4.7 6.8 3 -4.34 -4.20 -1.45 -1.40
06 4.7 6.8 3.5 -5.06 -5.00 -1.45 -1.43
07 4.7 6.8 4 -5.79 -5.86 -1.45 -1.47
Table-3: For non-inverting amplifier (with fixed voltage).
No Resistors, (k) Input Output voltage, Voltage gain
of voltage,
Obs. (volt) (cal) (mea) (cal) (mea)
Ri Rf
01 2.2 4.7 2 6.27 6.20 3.14 3.10
02 3.3 6.8 2 6.12 6.10 3.06 3.05
03 3.3 5.6 2 5.39 5.35 2.70 2.70
04 3.3 4.7 2 4.84 4.82 2.42 2.41
05 4.7 6.8 2 4.89 4.85 2.47 2.43
06 4.7 5.6 2 4.38 4.40 2.19 2.20
07 5.6 6.8 2 4.42 4.48 2.21 2.24
Table-4: For non-inverting amplifier (with fixed resistor).
No Resistors, (k) Input Output voltage, Voltage gain
of voltage,
Obs. (volt) (cal) (mea) (cal) (mea)
Ri Rf
01 3.3 4.7 1 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.42
02 3.3 4.7 1.5 3.62 3.55 2.42 2.37
03 3.3 4.7 2 4.84 4.82 2.42 2.41
04 3.3 4.7 2.5 6.06 5.88 2.42 2.35
05 3.3 4.7 3 7.27 7.20 2.42 2.40
06 3.3 4.7 3.5 8.48 8.40 2.42 2.40
07 3.3 4.7 4 9.69 9.68 2.42 2.42
Results and discussion:
We found that for inverting amplifier the calculation voltage gain is -1.42 and
measured voltage gain is -1.40. From the table-01, while was almost same and
on the other hand for non inverting amplifier, the calculated voltage gain is 3.14
and measured voltage gain is 3.10; and from the table 03.which almost same
and in phase. On the other hand, out of phase for inverting amplifier.
There was very little difference between calculated and measured values. There
might be due to difference of variation of eyes estimation, incorrect adjustment
of instrument.
Procedure:
(i) For inverting amplifier the circuit arrangement are shown in fig-1.
(ii) At first, the non inverting input is grounded then () and ) are applied in the
op-amps at the 7 and 4 pin respectively.
(iii) A feedback resistor and a input resistor are connected according to the fig-1.
(iv) An input signal is applied in an inverting input terminal and output signal is
taken from the output terminal and put the values are in table 01 and table o2.
(v) For non-inverting amplifier, the input is signal is applied to the non-inverting
terminal and output is taken from the output terminal and put the values are in
the table 03 and table 04.
Precautions:
(1). Components should be checked very carefully.
(2). The Op-amp should be properly biased.
(3). The circuit was connected very tightly.
(4). The eye estimation should by neglected while taking reading.
(5). The reading was taken carefully.
