Program title: BPT VII SEMESTER

Course Code: 06ABPTR17711

Course Title: CLINICAL CARDIOVASCULAR

DISORDERS

Unit Title: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Sub-unit title: Upper and lower respiratory tract, muscles of respiration

EXPECTED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
• INTRODUCTION TO UPPER AND LOWER
RESPIRATORY TRACT AND MUSCLES
AROUND IT
 INTRODUCTION
• Respiratory System: passages that filter incoming air,
transport into body, lungs, and microscopic air sacs (where
gases are exchanged)
• Respiration: is defined as the transport of oxygen from the
outside air to the cells within tissues , and the transport of
carbon dioxide in the opposite direction
Consists of the following:
• Ventilation (moving air to/from lungs)
• External respiration (gas ex. bet. air, blood in lungs)
• Transport of gases (blood--hemoglobin)
• Internal respiration (gas ex. blood, body cells)
• Cellular respiration (CO2 gas produced as waste)
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• The organs of the respiratory system can be divided into two
tracts:
• Upper respiratory tract
• The nose
• Nasal cavity
• Sinuses
• Pharynx
• Lower respiratory tract
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchial tree
• Lungs
Organs of the Respiratory
System
Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts
Upper Respiratory Tract

Lower Respiratory Tract

FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Organs of the Respiratory System
• Divided into
• Conducting zone
• Respiratory zone
• The conducting zone of the respiratory system is made up of
the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and
terminal bronchioles
• The respiratory zone of the respiratory system is made up of
the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and the alveoli.
WEIBAL MODEL OF RESPIRATORY TRACT

CONDUCTI
NG ZONE

TRANSITI
ON ZONE

EXCHA
NGE
ZONE
Upper Respiratory Tract
• Function of the Upper Airway
• Conduct Air
• Humidifies the air to the body temperature
• Filters to prevent foreign materials from entering the
lower airway
• Removes mucus plug
• Smell/Speech
PHYSIOLOGY OF NOSE

• Provides an airway for respiration

• Moistens and warms air

• Filters inhaled air

• Resonating chamber for speech

• Houses olfactory receptors

 PHARYNX
• Muscular passage from nasal
cavity to larynx
• Three regions of the pharynx
• Nasopharynx—superior
region behind nasal cavity
• Oropharynx—middle region
behind mouth
• Laryngopharynx—inferior
region attached to larynx
• The oropharynx and
laryngopharynx are common
passageways for air and food
 LARYNX
• The larynx is an enlargement in the
airway superior to the trachea and
inferior to the pharynx
• It is composed of a framework of
muscles and cartilages bound by elastic
tissue
• Functions ;
• Routes air and food into proper
channels
• Plays a role in speech
• Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages
and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic
cartilage (epiglottis)
 STRUCTURE OF LARYNX
• Cricoid cartilage
• the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea.
• It has particular importance in ventilation ie. It protects the
trachea from dynamic compression during forced
inspiration or expiration.
• Thyroid cartilage
• Largest of the hyaline cartilages
• Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
• Epiglottis
• Protects the superior opening of the larynx
• Routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea
• When swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over
the opening of the larynx
LARYNX

• Hyaline cartilage & connective tissue tube

• Constructed of 3 single & 3 paired cartilages
TRACHEA
Thyroid
• The trachea (windpipe) is a Larynx
cartilage

flexible cylindrical tube Cricoid

cartilage

• 2.5 centimeters wide

• 12.5 centimeters long
Cartilaginous
Trachea
ring
Superior (upper) Carina

• Anterior to esophagus lobe bronchus

Left

• Splits into right & left

primary
bronchus
Right primary
primary bronchi bronchus Superior (upper)
lobe bronchus

• C-shaped rings of hyaline Middle lobe

Inferior (lower)
lobe bronchi

cartilage (trachealis muscle bronchus

at back of trachea--
completes the "ring")
• The trachea is lined by the pseudostratified ciliary,
columnar epithelium containing globlet cells and
seromucous glands.
• This produce a sol-gel mucous blanket in which the cilia are
embedded. As the cilia beat, this mucous blanket is set into
motion and carries unfiltered debris towards pharynx.
• This process of muco ciliary transport is one of the major
defence mechanism in the lungs.
STRUCTURE OF TRACHEAL RING

• The cartilaginous
reinforcements keep the
trachea open during the
pressure changes that occur
during breathing.
• The incomplete
rings of the posterior
tracheal surface make it
flexible, allowing a food
bolus traveling through the
posterior esophagus to
bulge anteriorly.
MAIN BRONCHI

• Formed by division of the

trachea
• Enters the lung at the hilum
(medial depression)
• Right bronchus is wider,
shorter, and straighter than
left
• Bronchi subdivide into
smaller and smaller
branches (23 times)
 BRONCHIAL TREE DIVISIONS
Larynx

• The bronchial tree consists

of branched airways Right superior (upper) lobe
Trache
a

leading from the trachea to Right primary bronchus

Left superio
(upper) lobe

the microscopic air sacs in

the lungs Secondary bronchus

- right primary bronchus Tertiary bronchus

more vertical Terminal bronchiole

Right inferior (lower) lobe

carina: cough receptors Left inferior

(lower) lobe
(where the prim. Bronchi Right middle lobe

split) Respiratory bronchiole

Alveolar duct

Alveolus
 BRONCHIAL TREE DIVISIONS
• The successive divisions of the
branches from the trachea to the
alveoli are:
1. Right and left primary bronchi
2. Secondary (lobar) bronchi
3. Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
4. Intralobular bronchioles
5. Terminal bronchioles
6. Respiratory bronchioles
7. Alveolar ducts
8. Alveolar sacs
9. Alveoli
BRONCHIAL TREE DIVISIONS
 STRUCTURE OF LUNGS
LEFT LUNG
RIGHT LUNG
• It has only one fissure[oblique]
• It has 2 • 2 lobes[upper, lower]
fissures[oblique ,horizontal • Anterior border is interrupted by
] cardiac notch
• Smaller and lighter, weights about
• 3 lobes[upper, middle,
600g
lower] • Lingula present
• Anterior border is straight
• Larger and heavier in
weight about 700g
 Trachea divides at the level of 4th thoracic vertebra in to two primary
principal brochi, one for each lung

 Carina is the area where trachea divides into two primary bronchi. Right
bronchus makes an angle of 25degree while left makes an angle of
MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION
Diaphragm
External intercostal
Interchondral part of internal intercostal of
contralateral side

ACCESSORY MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Erector spinae
Serratus anterior
Perctoralis minor
MUSCLES OF EXPIRATION
Internal intercostal
Abdominal muscles
Lattismus dorsi (forceful expiration)