Teachers
Sarwat Sultana
Amrita Shahab
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Statistics
The branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation,
and presentation of masses of numerical data.
A collection of quantitative data.
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Grouped data and Ungrouped Data
Grouped data means the data (or information) given in the form of class
intervals such as 0-20, 20-40 and so on.
Ungrouped data is defined as the data given as individual points (i.e. values or
numbers) such as 15, 63, 34, 20, 25, and so on.
For example, the scores of a batsman in last 5 matches are given as 45,34,2,77 and 80.
Data: The facts or statistics gathered by the researcher for analysis in their original form.
Information : When the data is processed and transformed in such a way that it becomes useful to the users.
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Mean, Median and Mode
Mean(average)
Ungrouped Data Grouped Data
,
f
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Example of Mean
1) A student scored 80%, 72%, 50%, 64% and 74% marks in five subjects in an
examination. Find the mean percentage of marks obtained by him.
Solution:
Here, observations in percentage are
x = 80, x2 = 72, x3 = 50, x4 = 64, x5 = 74.
Therefore, their mean A =
= …………………
= 68.
Therefore, mean percentage of marks obtained by the student was 68%.
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Example of Mean
2) In Tim's school, there are 25 teachers. Each teacher travels to school every
morning in his or her own car. The distribution of the driving times (in minutes)
from home to school for the teachers is shown in the table below
Solution:
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Driving Midpoint No of fx
Time(class ) of class, x teachers(f)
5 3 15
15 10 150
25 6 150
35 4 140
45 2 90
25 545
Step 1: Determine the midpoint for each interval.
Mean, Step 2: Multiply each midpoint by the frequency for the class.
Step 3: Add the results from Step 2 and divide the sum by 25.
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Mean, Median and Mode
Mode (most occurring value)
The mode is the number that is repeated more often than any other.
Ungrouped data/Raw data/Discrete data:
For ungrouped data, we just need to identify the observation which occurs maximum times.
For example in the data: 6, 8, 9, 3, 4, 6, 7, 6, 3 the value 6 appears the most number of times.
Thus, mode = 6
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Grouped data:
Step 1: Find modal class i.e. the class with maximum frequency.
Step 2: Find mode using the following formula-
l = lower limit of modal class,
f =frequency of modal class,
p = frequency of class preceding modal class,
s = frequency of class succeeding modal class,
h = class width
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Example: Find the mode of the given data:
Marks 2 40 60
obtained
No. of 5 10 12 6 3
Students
Step 1: Find modal class 40
Step 2:
l = lower limit of modal class,40 = 46.8
f = frequency of modal class,12
p = frequency of class preceding modal class,10
s = frequency of class succeeding modal class,6
h = class width,20
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Mean, Median and Mode
Median (middle value)
Ungrouped data/Raw data/Discrete data:
Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending.
Step 2: Let the total number of observations be n.
To find the median, we need to consider if n is even or odd.
If n is odd, then use the formula: Median = (n + 1)/2th observation
If n is even, then use the formula:
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Example : Let's consider the data: 56, 67, 54, 34, 78, 43, 23. What is the median?
Solution: Arranging in ascending order, we get: 23, 34, 43, 54, 56, 67, 78.
Here, n (no.of observations) = 7
∴ Median = 4th observation
So, (7 + 1)/2 = 4
Median = 54
Example : Let's consider the data: 50, 67, 24, 34, 78, 43. What is the median?
Solution: Arranging in ascending order, we get: 24, 34, 43, 50, 67, 78.
Here, n (no.of observations) = 6
6/2 = 3
Using the median formula,
Median = (3rd obs. + 4th obs.)/2
= (43 + 50)/2
Median = 46.5
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Grouped data:
When the data is continuous and in the form of a frequency distribution,
the median is found as shown below:
Step 1: Find the median class.
Let n = total number of observations
Median Class is the class where (n/2) lies.
Step 2: Use the following formula to find the median.
Median =
where,
l = lower limit of median class
c = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
f = frequency of the median class
h = class size
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Example: Find the median marks for the following distribution
Classes 1 20 30 4
Freuency 2 12 22 8 6
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Step 1: Median Class,20-30 ,as
Step 2: Median =
where,
l = lower limit of median class,20
c = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class,14
f = frequency of the median class,22
h = class size,10
Median = 20
= 25
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Range
Ungrouped Data
Range = Maximum - Minimum
Grouped Data
Range = Upper-class boundary of the highest interval – Lower class boundary of the
lowest interval
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Practice from Book -4 (Shinglee)
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