ROCKS &
MINERAL
S
LEARNING
OUTCOME
• identify common rock-forming
minerals using their physical
and chemical properties
• Classify rocks as igneous,
sedimentary, and
metamorphic
MINERALS
• Mineral is defined as a
naturally occurring,
inorganic solid with a
definite chemical
composition and an ordered
internal structure. Every
mineral is unique, but they
exhibit general
characteristics
NATURALLY
OCCURRING
• Minerals should exist
naturally. If its created
artificially, therefore, are
NOT a minerals
INORGANIC
• Minerals are limited to
substances formed through
inorganic processes, and
exclude materials derived
from living organisms which
involved organic processes
SOLID
• All liquids and gases –
even those are
naturally formed are
not considered
minerals
ORDERED
INTERNAL
STRUCTURE
• The atoms in minerals are
organized in a regular,
repetitive geometric patterns
or crystal structure.
COMPOSITION
OF MINERALS
SILICATES
• Composed primarily of silicon and oxygen
• Major rock – forming minerals
MgFe2SiO4
( olivine)
OXIDES
• Consists of metal cations bonded to oxygen
anions
Fe2O3
(hematite)
SULFIDES
• Consist of metal cation bonded to sulfide
• They are common ore minerals
PbS
(galena)
CARBONATES
• Are characterized by the presence of carbonic ion
CaCO3
(calcite)
NATIVE METAL(s)
• Consist of a single metal
Gold (Au)
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE OF
MINERALS
• Is dependent on the chemical composition of the
mineral.
• Minerals that have similar chemical compositions
often share the same crystal structure and
generally belong to the same crystal system
CRYST
AL
FORMS
CRYST
AL
HABIT
OTHER
CHARACTERISTICS
• Texture
• Density
• Taste
• Color
Texture
Color
SOME MINERALS
AND THEIR
PROPERTIES
GRAPHITE
• Hardness: 1-2
Luster: Metallic
C/F: Cleavage
Color: Silver to Gray
Distinguishing Characteristics: Black streak
MAGNETITE
• Hardness: 5.5 -6.5
Luster: Metallic
C/F: Fracture
Color: Black to Silver
Distinguishing Characteristics: Magnetic, Black
streak
TALC
• Hardness: 1
Luster: Nonmetallic
C/F: Cleavage
Color: White to Green
Distinguishing Characteristics: Greasy feel
FLOURITE
• Hardness: 4
Luster: Nonmetallic
C/F: Cleavage
Color: Colorless or Variable
Distinguishing Characteristics: Cleaves in four
directions
QUARTZ
• Hardness: 7
Luster: Nonmetallic
C/F: Fracture
Color: Colorless or Variable
Distinguishing Characteristics: Glassy luster may
form Hexagonal crystals
ROCKS
3 Main Categories of
ROCKS
1.Igneous Rocks
2.Sedimentary Rocks
3.Metamorphic Rocks
IGNEOUS ROCKS
These are crystalline solids which form
directly from the cooling of magma. This is
an exothermic process (it loses heat) and
involves a phase change from the liquid to
the solid state.
Igneous rocks are given names based upon
two things: composition (what they are
made of) and texture (how big the crystals
are).
2 Types of IGNEOUS
ROCKS
I. Intrusive Rocks
crystallize below Earth's surface, and
the slow cooling that occurs there
allows large crystals to form
DIORITE
GABBRO
GRANITE
II. Extrusive Igneous Rocks
erupt onto the surface, where they
cool quickly to form small crystals.
Some cool so quickly that they form
an amorphous glass
OBSIDIA
N
PUMIC
E
SCORIA
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the
accumulation of sediments.
Sedimentary rocks are called Secondary,
because they are often the result of the
accumulation of small pieces broken off
of pre-existing rocks.
3 Types of
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
I. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
formed from mechanical
weathering debris
CLASTIC
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
CONGLOMERAT SANDSTON
E E
II. Chemical Sedimentary
Rocks
form when dissolved materials
precipitate from solution.
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
FLINT ROCK SALT
III. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
form from the accumulation of
plant or animal debris.
ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
COAL LIMESTON
E
METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
From "meta" (change) and "morph" (form)
Metamorphic rocks have been modified by
heat, pressure, and chemical processes,
usually while buried deep below Earth's
surface. Exposure to these extreme
conditions has altered the mineralogy,
texture, and chemical composition of the
rocks.
2 Types of
Metamorphic Rocks
I. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
have a layered or banded appearance
that is produced by exposure to heat
and directed pressure.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
GNEISS SCHIST
II. Non-foliated
Metamorphic Rocks
do not have a layered or banded
appearance
Non-foliated
Metamorphic Rocks
MARBL HORNF
E ELS
IGNEOUS ROCK
COOLING
SEDIMENTATIO
MAGMA
N
HEAT AND
PRESSURE
SEDIMENTS
MELTING
HEAT AND
PRESSURE
REVIEW:
3 Main Categories of Rocks:
1.Igneous
2.Sedimentary
3.Metamorphic
2 Types of Igneous Rocks:
1. Intrusive
2. Extrusive
3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks
3. Clastic
4. Chemical
5. Organic
2 Types of Metamorphic Rocks
6. Foliated
7. Non-foliated
