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Module 4:
Trauma Injuries
Session 3:
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Standard First Aid
(SFA)
LEGAZPI CITY HEALTH
Objectives
At the end of this session, the participants
should be able to:
•Recognize the presence of the signs and
symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries.
•Apply first aid to persons with these injuries.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Musculoskeletal System
• bones
• muscles
• tendons body
• joints movement
• ligaments
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Musculoskeletal Injuries
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Musculoskeletal injuries: DON’Ts
• Do NOT try to re-align a limb if you
suspect a fracture
• Do NOT try to put back an exposed bone
• Do NOT massage the affected area
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First aid for musculoskeletal injuries
• R – Rest/ Immobilize
• I – Ice/ cold packs
• C -Compression
• E - Elevate
** If an injured extremity is blue or extremely pale,
activate EMS immediately.
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Musculoskeletal Injuries
• Dislocation-
bone ends are
no longer in
contact
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Musculoskeletal Injuries
• Sprain -
stretched or
torn ligament
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Musculoskeletal Injuries
• strain -
stretched or
torn muscle
or tendon
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Recognizing Musculoskeletal Injuries
• tenderness
• deformity
• swelling
• pain
• discoloration
• crepitus
• false motion
• guarding
• loss of function
(extreme cases)
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Splint
• rigid device used to
immobilize an injured
body part
• prevents further
injury
• reduces pain
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Objectives
• Were we able to meet the objectives?
• Recognize the presence of the signs and
symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries.
• Apply first aid to persons with these
injuries.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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References
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Module 4:
Trauma Injuries
Session 4: Splinting
Standard First Aid
(SFA)
Objective
After completing this session, the participants:
Should be able to properly apply appropriate
splints to arms, legs, and other body parts.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Splint
• rigid device used to
prevent motion or
maintain the position
of an injured body
part
• prevents further
injury
• reduces pain
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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General principles of splinting
• Do NOT move the victim before splinting unless there is
immediate danger
• Do NOT try to straighten or re-align any deformity; splint in
the position found
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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General principles of splinting
• Open fractures: stop bleeding, protect wound before splinting
• Maintain manual stabilization while applying the splint to
minimize movement of the injured limb and to support the
injury site
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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General principles of splinting
• Fracture of the middle of a
long bone: immobilize the
joints above and below the
fracture
• Joint injuries: immobilize the
bones above and below the
injured joint
• Pad all splints to prevent
excessive pressure and
discomfort
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Types of Splint
• Soft
- blanket, pillow, binder
(swathe)
• Anatomic
- Any part of the body
• Rigid
- improvised or
commercial splint
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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We shall now demonstrate
then practice
the different splinting techniques
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Objectives
Were we able to meet the objectives?
To properly apply appropriate splints to arms,
legs, and other body parts.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Any
Questions?
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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References
•Standard First Aid Facilitator’s Manual (2012)
•Emergency Care and Transportation of the
Sick and Injured, 10th Edition, American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Fainting
• Not enough
blood supply to
the brain which
causes loss of
consciousness
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Fainting
• If person is breathing, lay him down, elevate legs
• Loosen constrictive clothing
• Don’t get the person up too quickly
• Seek for medical assistance
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What to do for Fainting
• Make sure airway is clear; watch out for vomiting
• Treat injuries from fall, if any
• DO NOT pour water over victim’s face
• DO NOT give any liquids unless victim is awake
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Convulsions
• Seizures
• Uncontrolled, rapid
shaking
• Muscles contract
and relax repeatedly
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Characteristics of Convulsions
• With or without warning signs
• Rigid; shaking vigorously, uncontrollably with
upward rolling of eyes; drooling
• Staring blankly
• Victim may not remember
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Convulsion
• Place the person in a safe environment
• Provide adequate breathing space
• Support the head and neck
• Note for duration, recurrence and interval
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What to do for Convulsion
• After the convulsion, roll the person to his side
• Call for medical assistance
• Stay with person until help arrives
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What NOT to do for Convulsion
• DO NOT place anything in the mouth
• DO NOT try to make the person stop
convulsing
• DO NOT give anything by mouth until
he/she is fully awake and alert
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Nosebleed
• Bleeding from the
nose
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Common Causes of Nosebleeding
• Injury / trauma
• Disease / medical
conditions
• Extremes in
environmental
temperature
• Changes in altitude
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What to do for Nosebleed
• Calm the victim; have him sit with
head lean forward
• Pinch victim’s nose; have him
breathe through mouth
• Apply ice pack on nose bridge,
forehead
• Don’t let victim rub, blow or pick
nose after bleeding stops
• Persistent bleeding: bring victim to
hospital
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Foreign object in Nose
(common in Children)
• May be inhaled or obstruct
the air flow
• May be present in child’s
nose without any adult being
aware
• May dislodge into the mouth
and might be swallowed
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Foreign object in nose: Symptoms
• Difficulty breathing in affected nostril
• Feeling of something inside nose
• Irritation, pain
• Foul-smelling or bloody nasal discharge
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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What to do for Foreign Object in Nose
• Let the victim inhale through the mouth,
pinch the unaffected nostril and ask the
victim to gently exhale through the affected
nostril with mouth closed.
• Seek medical help
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What not to do for Foreign object in Nose:
• DO NOT probe the nose with cotton buds
or other tools
• DO NOT make the victim inhale deeply
• DO NOT try to remove the object if it is not
visible or easily grasped
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Shock
Standard First Aid
(SFA)
Objectives
At the end of this session, the participants should
be able to:
• Explain the need of preparation to a proper
emergency care.
• Define shock.
• Enumerate and explain the following:
• Causes of shock
• Signs and Symptoms of shock
• First Aid Management for Shock
• Demonstrate First Aid Management for Shock.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Shock
• A state of collapse and failure of the of the
heart and blood vessels to deliver enough
blood to the body tissues.
• If not treated promptly, DEATH follows.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Causes of Shock
A. Pump Failure
B. Hypovolemia
C. Dilation of blood
vessels
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Conditions that lead to shock
1. Severe bleeding
2. Spine injury
3. Crushing injuries
4. Severe Infection
5. Heart attack
6. Multiple severe fractures
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Conditions that lead to shock
7. Shell bomb and gunshot wound
8. Rupture of tubal pregnancies
9. Anaphylaxis
10. Severe thermal burns.
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Signs and Symptoms of Shock
Early Stage:
• Face – pale or cyanotic in color.
• Skin – cold and clammy.
• Breathing – irregular.
• Pulse – rapid and weak.
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weakness
• Thirsty
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Signs and Symptoms of Shock
Late Stage:
• If the condition deteriorates, victim may become apathetic
or relatively unresponsive.
• Eyes will be sunken with vacant expression.
• Pupils are dilated.
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Signs and Symptoms of Shock
Late Stage:
• Blood vessels may be congested producing mottled
appearances.
• Blood pressure has very low level.
• Unconscious may occur, body temperature falls.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First Aid for SHOCK
• Loosen the victims clothing
• Place the victim in a comfortable position
• Provide first aid for specific injuries
• Avoid heat loss
• Keep the victim calm
• Do NOT give any food or drink
• Bring the victim to the hospital
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Objectives
Were we able to meet the objectives?
•Define shock.
•Enumerate and explain the following:
• Causes of shock
• Signs and Symptoms of shock
• First Aid Management for Shock
•Demonstrate First Aid Management for Shock.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Any
Questions?
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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