CCS335-CLOUD COMPUTING

CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
SUBTITLE COMES HERE

MODELS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

UNIT 1
 Cloud Computing is getting more and more popularity day by day. The
reason behind is the gradual growth of the companies which are in need
of the place to store their data. Therefore, companies are in competition
to provide large space to store data along with the various features and
quality service.
 It has been found that Cloud Computing is a model for enabling
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access the computing
resources. There are many services and features of cloud computing.

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 CLOUD COMPUTING
 Cloud Computing is defined as storing and accessing of data and computing services over the internet.
 It doesn’t store any data on your personal computer. It is the on-demand availability of computer services like servers, data
storage, networking, databases, etc.
 The main purpose of cloud computing is to give access to data centers to many users. Users can also access data from a
remote server.
 Examples of Cloud Computing Services: AWS, Azure
 characteristic of cloud computing
 The National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) lists five essential characteristics of cloud computing: on-demand
self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service.

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KEY CHARACTERISTICS CLOUD
COMPUTING
•On-demand self-service: Users can access resources without human interaction with service providers.
•Broad network access: Services are accessible from anywhere over the internet.
•Resource pooling: Providers share computing resources to serve multiple users.
•Rapid elasticity: Resources can be scaled up or down automatically.
•Measured service: Usage is monitored, controlled, and billed (pay-as-you-go).

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IMPORTANCE OF CLOUD COMPUTING
1. Cost Efficiency
• No need to invest in expensive hardware and infrastructure.
• Pay-as-you-use pricing model saves money.
• 2. Scalability
• Instantly scale resources up or down based on demand.
• Suitable for both startups and large enterprises.
• 3. Accessibility
• Access services and data from anywhere using the internet.
• Enhances remote work and collaboration.
• 4. Flexibility & Agility
• Quickly deploy new applications and services.
• Adapts to changing business needs. 8
USES OF CLOUD COMPUTING
1.Data Storage & Backup
• Store and access files, databases, and backups securely online.
• Examples: Google Drive, Dropbox, AWS S3.
2. Web Hosting
• Hosts websites and web applications on cloud servers.
• Scales automatically based on user traffic.
• Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure.
3. Software Development & Testing
• Provides development platforms, virtual machines, and tools on demand.
• Speeds up development lifecycle with CI/CD tools.
• Example: Microsoft Azure DevOps, Google Cloud Functions.

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USES OF CLOUD COMPUTING

• 4. Big Data Processing & Analytics

• Enables large-scale data processing, data warehousing, and real-time analytics.
• Used in business intelligence and data-driven decision-making.
• Examples: AWS Redshift, Google BigQuery.
5.Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
• Trains and deploys ML models without local hardware.
• Examples: Azure Machine Learning, AWS SageMaker.
• 6. Business Applications (SaaS)
• Access business software like CRM, ERP, email, and office tools via the cloud.
• Examples: Salesforce (CRM), Microsoft 365, Zoom.
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USES OF CLOUD COMPUTING

• 7. Disaster Recovery & Business Continuity

• Cloud-based backup and failover systems protect data during system failures.
• Ensures minimal downtime.
• 8. IoT and Smart Devices
• Cloud platforms manage and analyze data from IoT devices.
• Examples: AWS IoT Core, Google Cloud IoT.

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CLOUD COMPUTING
SERVICES
The three major Cloud Computing Offerings are
 Software as a Service (SaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

type of cloud computing

There Are Four Main Types Of Cloud Computing:
 Private Clouds,
 Public Clouds,
 Hybrid Clouds,
 Multiclouds

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 ADVANTAGES & DISADVAGES OF CLOUD
COMPUTING
advantage of cloud computing
1. Improved Performance
2. Lower IT Infrastructure Costs
3. Fewer Maintenance Issues
4. Lower Software Costs
5. Instant Software Updates
6. Increased Computing Power
disadvantage of cloud computing
1. Requires a constant Internet connection
2. Does not work well with low-speed connections
3. Can be slow
4. Stored data might not be secure
5. Stored data can be lost

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COMPARISON 02  Clouds enable access to leased computing
power and storage capacity from your
desktop.
 Large individual companies
 e.g. Amazon and Microsoft.
GRID COMPUTING
 Small to medium commercial businesses or
researchers with generic IT needs
 Grids enable access to shared computing
power and storage capacity from your
desktop.
 Research institutes and universities federate
their services around the world.
 Research collaborations, called "Virtual
Organizations", which bring together
researchers around the world working in the
same field
CLOUD COMPUTING

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CLOUD COMPUTING DISTRIBUTED Click icon to add p
COMPUTING
CLOUD COMPUTING DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING

Cloud computing refers to providing on demand IT Distributed computing refers to solve a problem over
resources/services like server, storage, database, distributed autonomous computers and they
networking, analytics, software etc. over communicate between them over a network.
internet.
In simple cloud computing can be said as a computing In simple distributed computing can be said as a
technique that delivers hosted services over the computing technique which allows to multiple
internet to its users/customers. computers to communicate and work to solve a single
problem

There are many benefits of cloud There are many benefits of distributed
computing like cost effective, elasticity computing like flexibility, reliability,
and reliable, economies of Scale, access improved performance etc.
to the global market etc.

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SYSTEM MODELS FOR DISTRIBUTED AND
CLOUD COMPUTING
• Distributed and cloud computing systems are built over a large number of autonomous
computer nodes.
• These node machines are interconnected by SANs, LANs, or WANs in a hierarchical
• man-ner.
• With today’s networking technology, a few LAN switches can easily connect hundreds of
• machines as a working cluster.
• A WAN can connect many local clusters to form a very large cluster of clusters.
• In this sense, one can build a massive system with millions of computers connected to
edge networks.

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CLUSTERS OF COOPERATIVE COMPUTERS

• A computing cluster consists of interconnected stand-alone computers which work

cooperatively as a single integrated computing resource.
• In the past, clustered computer systems have demonstrated impressive results in
handling heavy workloads with large data sets.

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CLUSTER ARCHITECTURE

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SINGLE-SYSTEM
IMAGE
• Greg Pfister [38] has indicated that an ideal cluster should merge multiple system images
into a single-system image (SSI).
• Cluster designers desire a cluster operating system or some middle-ware to support SSI at
various levels, including the sharing of CPUs, memory, and I/O across all cluster nodes.
• An SSI is an illusion created by software or hardware that presents a collection of resources
as one integrated, powerful resource.
• SSI makes the cluster appear like a single machine to the user. A cluster with multiple
system images is nothing but a collection of inde-pendent computers.

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HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND MIDDLEWARE
SUPPORT
• we will discuss cluster design principles for both small and large clusters.
• Clusters exploring massive parallelism are commonly known as MPPs. Almost all HPC
clusters in the Top 500 list are also MPPs.
• The building blocks are computer nodes (PCs, workstations, servers,
• or SMP), special communication software such as PVM or MPI, and a network interface
card in each computer node. Most clusters run under the Linux OS. The computer nodes
are interconnected by a high-bandwidth network (such as Gigabit Ethernet, Myrinet,
InfiniBand, etc.).

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NIST CLOUD COMPUTING REFERENCE
ARCHITECTURE

• The NIST cloud computing reference architecture defines five major actors:
• cloud consumer, cloud provider, cloud carrier, cloud auditor and cloud broker. Each actor
is an entity (a person or an organization) that participates in a transaction or process
and/or performs tasks in cloud computing.

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CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODEL
• Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing environment with a deployment
architecture that varies depending on the amount of data you want to store and whohas access
to the infrastructure
• Models of Cloud Computing
• Cloud Computing helps in rendering several services according to roles, companies, etc.
• Cloud computing models are explained below.
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
• Platform as a service (PaaS)
• Software as a service (SaaS)

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IAAS

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PAAS

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SAAS

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INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE
• IaaS, or Infrastructure as a Service, is a cloud computing model that provides on-
demand access to computing resources such as servers, storage, networking, and
virtualization.
• IaaS is attractive because acquiring computing resources to run applications or store
data the traditional way requires time and capital. Organizations must purchase
equipment through procurement processes that can take months. They must invest in
physical spaces, typically specialized rooms with power and cooling. And after
deploying the systems, they need IT professionals to manage and maintain them.
• All this is challenging to scale when demand spikes or business grows. You run the risk
of running out of capacity or overbuilding and paying for infrastructure that you never
use.

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IAAS

Advantages of IaaS Benefits of IaaS

Cost savings It’s economical

Increased efficiency It’s efficient

More innovation It boosts productivity

Reliability It’s reliable

High scalability It’s scalable

Lower latency It drives faster time to market

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PLATFORM AS A SERVICE (PAAS)

• Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a complete cloud environment that includes everything

developers need to build, run, and manage applications—from servers and operating
systems to all the networking, storage, middleware, tools, and more.
• Cloud infrastructure: Data centers, storage, network equipment, and servers
• Middleware software: Operating systems, frameworks, development kits (SDK),
libraries, and more
• User interface: A graphical user interface (GUI), a command line interface (CLI), an
API interface, and in some cases, all three
• Platform as a Service is typically delivered as a secure online platform that developers
can access over the internet, allowing them to work on projects from anywhere and
collaborate freely with other members of their team. Applications are built directly on
the PaaS system and can be immediately deployed once they are completed.
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BENEFITS OF PAAS

• aster time to market

• Low maintenance
• Cost-effective pricing
• Easy scalability
• Flexible access
• Shared security

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SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SAAS)
• SaaS is a cloud-based software delivery model where people access applications over the
internet, while the cloud service provider handles infrastructure, security, and updates.
• SaaS operates on a subscription basis, eliminating the need for customers to install or
maintain software locally.
• SaaS applications are highly scalable, allowing customers to adjust their subscription levels
as their needs evolve.
• Multitenant architecture allows a single instance of SaaS software to serve multiple
customers, optimizing resources and reducing costs.
• SaaS advantages include cost efficiency, ease of access, and workforce mobility by providing
access to apps and data from any internet-connected device.
• Common SaaS use cases span business management and operations, collaboration and
communication, and data analytics and business intelligence.
• Future SaaS trends include greater AI adoption, the rise of low-code and no-code platforms,
and stronger focus on security and compliance.
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ADVANTAGES OF
SAAS
• Access advanced applications
• Pay only for what you use
• No need for local installation
• Support for a mobile workforce
• Access app data from anywhere

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CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS

• Different components of cloud infrastructure supports the computing requirements of a

cloud computing model.
• Cloud infrastructure has number of key components but not limited to only server,
software, network and storage devices.
• Still cloud infrastructure is categorized into three parts in general i.e.
• 1. Computing
• 2. Networking
• 3. Storage

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CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
• Hypervisor :
• Hypervisor is a firmware or a low level program which is a key to enable virtualization. It is
used to divide and allocate cloud resources between several customers.
• As it monitors and manages cloud services/resources that’s why hypervisor is called as
VMM (Virtual Machine Monitor) or (Virtual Machine Manager).
• Management Software :
• Management software helps in maintaining and configuring the infrastructure.
• Cloud management software monitors and optimizes resources, data, applications and
services.
• Deployment Software :
• Deployment software helps in deploying and integrating the application on the cloud. So,
• typically it helps in building a virtual computing environment
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CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
• Network :It is one of the key component of cloud infrastructure which is responsible
for connecting cloud services over the internet.
• For the transmission of data and resources externally and internally network is must
required.
• Server :Server which represents the computing portion of the cloud infrastructure is
responsible for managing and delivering cloud services for various services an partners,
maintaining security etc.
• Storage : Storage represents the storage facility which is provided to different
organizations for storing and managing data.
• It provides a facility of extracting another resource if one of the resource fails as it
keeps many copies of storage.
• Along with this, virtualization is also considered as one of important component of
cloud infrastructure.

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CLOUD COMPUTING DEPLOYMENT MODELS

• The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based
on ownership, scale, and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose.
• The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are defined by a
cloud deployment model.
• It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look, what you can change, and
whether you will be given services or will have to create everything yourself.
• Relationships between the infrastructure and your users are also defined by cloud
deployment types.

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ARCHITECTURE OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud Computing , which is one of the demanding technology of the current time and
which is giving a new shape to every organization by providing on demand virtualized
services/resources.
Starting from small to medium and medium to large, every organization use cloud
computing services for storing information and accessing it from anywhere and any
time only with the help of internet.
In this article, we will know more about the internal architecture of cloud computing.
Transparency, scalability, security and intelligent monitoring are some of the most
important constraints which every cloud infrastructure should experience.
 Current research on other important constraints is helping cloud computing system to
come up with new features and strategies with a great capability of providing more
advanced cloud solutions

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CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

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ARCHITECTURE OF CLOUD COMPUTING
• Architecture of cloud computing is the combination of both SOA (Service Oriented
Architecture) and EDA (Event Driven Architecture).
Client infrastructure, application, service,runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure,
management and security all these are the components of cloud computing architecture.
The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts i.e.
1. Frontend
2. Backend

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FRONTEND
• Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of cloud computing system.
Means it contains all the user interfaces and applications which are used by the client to
access the cloudcomputing services/resources. For example, use of a web browser to
access the cloud platform.
•  Client Infrastructure – Client Infrastructure is a part of the frontend component.
• It contains the applications and user interfaces which are required to access the cloud
platform.
• In other words, it provides a GUI( Graphical User Interface ) to interact with the cloud

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BACKEND
• Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by the service provider. It contains the resources as well
as manages the resources and provides security mechanisms. Along with this, it includes huge storage,
virtual applications, virtual machines, traffic control mechanisms, deployment
• models, etc.
• 1. Application –Application in backend refers to a software or platform to which client accesses.
• Means it provides the service in backend as per the client requirement.
• 2. Service –Service in backend refers to the major three types of cloud based services like SaaS,PaaS and
IaaS.
• Also manages which type of service the user accesses.
• 3. RuntimeCloud- Runtime cloud in backend provides the execution and Runtime platform/environment
• to the Virtual machine.
4.Storage –
• Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable storage service and management of
stored data.

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5. Infrastructure –
• Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the hardware and software components of
• cloud like it includes servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software etc.
6. Management –
• Management in backend refers to management of backend components like
• application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security
• mechanisms etc.
7. Security –
• Security in backend refers to implementation of different security mechanisms in the
• backend for secure cloud resources, systems, files, and infrastructure to end-users.
8. Internet –
• Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge between frontend and backend and
• establishes the interaction and communication between frontend and backend

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BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE
• Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.
• Improves data processing requirements.
• Helps in providing high security.
• Makes it more modularized.
• Results in better disaster recovery.
• Gives good user accessibility.
• Reduces IT operating costs.
• Provides high level reliability.
• Scalability.

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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CHALLENGES
• Challenge 1: Service Availability and Data Lock-in Problem
• The management of a cloud service by a single company is often the source of single
points of failure.
• To achieve HA, one can consider using multiple cloud providers.
• Even if a company has multiple data centers located in different geographic regions, it may
have common software infrastructure and accounting systems.
• ◆● therefore, us ing multiple cloud providers may provide more protection from failures .
Another availability obstacle is distributed denial of service (DDoS) attac ks .
• ◆● Criminals threaten to cut off the incomes of S aaS provide rs by

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CHALLENGE 2:
DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY CONCERNS
• Current cloud offerings are essentially public (rather than private) networks, exposing the
system to more attacks.
• Many obstacles can be overcome immediately with well understood technologies such as
• encrypted storage, virtual LANs, and network middle boxes (e.g., firewalls, packet filters).
• ●◆ For example, the end user could encrypt data before placing it in a cloud. M any nati ons
• have laws requiring SaaS providers to keep customer data and copyrighted material within
national boundaries.
• attacks include buffer overflows, DoS attacks,
• ◆● Traditionalnet work spyw are, malw are, rootkits , Trojan horses , and w orm s.

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DESIGN CHALLENGES
• ◆● In a cloud environment, newer attacks may result from hypervisor
• malware, guest hopping and hijacking or VM rootkits.
• Another type of attack is the man-in-the-middle attack for VM migrations.
• In general, passive attacks steal sensitive data or passwords.
• On the other hand, Active attacks may manipulate kernel data structures which will cause
major damage to cloud servers.

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DESIGN CHALLENGES

• Challenge 3: Unpredictable Performance and Bottlenecks

• ●◆ M ultiple VMs can share CPUs and main memory in cloud
• computing, but I/O sharing is problematic.
• ●◆ For example, to run 75 EC2 ins tance s w ith the S TREAM benchmark require s a
• mean bandwidth of 1,355 MB/second
• Challenge 4: Distributed Storage and Widespread Software Bugs
• The database is always growing in cloud applications

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DESIGN CHALLENGES
• Challenge 5: Cloud Scalability, Interoperability, Standardization
• Challenge 6: Software Licensing and Reputation Shar in Many cloud computing providers
• originally relied on open source software because the licensing model for commercial
software is not ideal for utility computing.

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CLOUD COMPUTING DEPLOYMENT MODELS
• The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based
on ownership, scale, and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose.
• The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are defined by a
cloud deployment model.
• It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look, what you can change, and whether
you will be given services or will have to create everything yourself.
• Relationships between the infrastructure and your users are also defined by cloud
deployment types.
• Different types of cloud computing deployment models are described below.
• Public Cloud

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TYPES OF CLOUD
COMPUTING
Public Cloud
Private Cloud
Hybrid Cloud
Community Cloud
Multi-Cloud
Public Cloud

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PUBLIC CLOUD
• The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services. The public
cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone.
• The public cloud is one in which cloud infrastructure services are provided over the
internet to the general people or major industry groups.
• The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the entity that delivers the cloud
services, not by the consumer. It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users
to easily access systems and services.
• This form of cloud computing is an excellent example of cloud hosting, in which service
providers supply services to a variety of customers.
• In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a
subscription, or on a per-user basis. For example, Google App Engine etc.

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ADVANTAGES OF THE PUBLIC CLOUD MODEL
• Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no substantial upfront fee,
making it excellent for enterprises that require immediate access to resources.
• No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud service providers, thu
there is no need to set up any hardware.
• Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does not
• necessitate infrastructure management.
• No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (not users).
• Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources are
• accessible.

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DISADVANTAGES OF THE PUBLIC CLOUD MODEL

• Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so there is no guarantee of
high-level security.
• Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be customized according to
personal requirements.

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PRIVATE CLOUD
• The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud
deployment model.
• It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer). There is no need to share
yourhardware with anyone else.
• The distinction between private and public clouds is in how you handle all of the
hardware.
• It is also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to access systems and
services within a given border or organization.
• The cloud platform is implemented in a cloud- based secure environment that is
protected by powerful firewalls and under the supervision of an organization’s IT
department.
• The private cloud gives greater flexibility of
• control over cloud resources
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LAYERED CLOUD ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

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LAYERED CLOUD ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
• The architecture of a cloud is developed at three laye rs : infras tructure,platform and
application as demonstrated in Figure 1.15.
• These three development layers are implemented with virtualizationand standardization
of hardware and software resources provisioned in the cloud.
• The services to public, private and hybrid clouds are conveyed to users through
networking support over the Internet and intranets involved

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LAYERED CLOUD ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
• It i s clear that the infrastructure layer i s deployed first to s upport laaS service s.
• he platform layer is for general purpose and repeated usage of the collection of
software resources.
• This layer provides users with an environment to develop their applications, to
test operation flows and to monitor execution results and performance.

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LAYERED CLOUD ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
• The platform s hould be able to a ssure us ers that they have s calability, dependability,
and security protection.
• In a way, the virtualized cloud platform serves as a "system middleware" between the
infrastructure and application layers of the cloud.
• The application layer is formed with a collection of all needed software modules for SaaS
applications.

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GENERIC CLOUD ARCHITECTURE DESIGN:

• An Internet cloud is envisioned as a public cluster of servers provisioned on demand to

• perform collective web services or distributed applications using data-center resources.
•  Cloud Platform Design Goals
•  Enabling Technologies for Clouds
•  A Generic Cloud Architecture

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GENERIC CLOUD
ARCHITECTURE
• 🐀 The Internet cloud is envisioned as a massive cluster of servers.
• 🐀 Servers are provisioned on demand to perform collective web services using data-
• center resources.
• 🐀 The cloud platform is formed dynamically by provisioning or deprovisioning servers,
• software, and database resources.
• 🐀 Servers in the cloud can be physical machines or VMs.
• 🐀 User interfaces are applied to request services

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ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR CLOUDS
• 🐀 Cloud users are able to demand more capacity at peak demand, reduce costs,
• experiment with new services, and remove unneeded capacity.
• 🐀 Service providers can increase system utilization via multiplexing, virtualization and
• dynamic resource provisioning.
• 🐀 Clouds are enabled by the progress in hardware, software and networking
• technologies
• 🐀 Cloud users are able to demand more capacity at peak demand, reduce costs,
• experiment with new services, and remove unneeded capacity.
• 🐀 Service providers can increase system utilization via multiplexing, virtualization and
• dynamic resource provisioning.

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INFRASTRUCTURE
LAYER
• Foundation for building the platform layer.
• 🐀 Built with virtualized compute, storage, and network resources.
• 🐀 Provide the flexibility demanded by users.
• 🐀 Virtualization realizes automated provisioning of resources and
optimizes the
• infrastructure management process.

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PLATFORM LAYER
• Foundation for implementing the application layer for SaaS applications.
• 🐀 Used for general-purpose and repeated usage of the collection of software
resources.
• 🐀 Provides users with an environment to develop their applications, to test operation
• flows, and to monitor execution results and performance.
• The platform should be able to assure users that they have scalability, dependability,
and
• security protection

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APPLICATION LAYER
• Collection of all needed software modules for SaaS applications.
• 🐀 Service applications in this layer include daily office management work, such as
• information retrieval, document processing, and authentication services.
• 🐀 The application layer is also heavily used by enterprises in business marketing and
• sales, consumer relationship management (CRM) and financial transactions.
• 🐀 Not all cloud services are restricted to a single layer.
• 🐀 Many applications may apply resources at mixed layers.
• 🐀 Three layers are built from the bottom up with a dependence relationship.

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DESIGN CHALLENGES
• Challenge 1 : Service Availability and Data Lock-in Problem
• Challenge 2: Data Privacy and Security Concerns
• Challenge 3: Unpredictable Performance and Bottlenecks
• Challenge 4: Distributed Storage and Widespread Software Bugs
• Challenge 5: Cloud Scalability, Interoperability and Standardization
• Challenge 6: Software Licensing and Reputation Sharing

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CHALLENGE 1 : SERVICE AVAILABILITY AND DATA
LOCK-IN PROBLEM
• service Availability
• Service Availability in Cloud might be affected because of
• Single Point Failure
• Distributed Denial of Service
• Single Point Failure
• Depending on single service provider might result in failure.
• In case of single service providers, even if company has multiple data centres located in
different geographic regions, it may have common software infrastructure and accounting
systems

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DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE (DDOS)
ATTACKS.
• Cyber criminals, attack target websites and online services and makes services
unavailable to users.
• DDoS tries to overwhelm (disturb) the services unavailable to user by having more traffic
than the server or network can accommodate.
• Solution:
• Some SaaS providers provide the opportunity to defend against DDoS attacks by using
• quick scale-ups. Customers cannot easily extract their data and programs from one site
to run on another.
• Solution: Have standardization among service providers so that customers can deploy
(install) services and data across multiple cloud providers

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DATA LOCK-IN
• Data Lock-in
• is a situation in which a customer using service of a provider cannot be moved to another
• service provider because technologies used by a provider will be incompatible with other
• providers?
• This makes a customer dependent on a vendor for services and makes customer unable to
• use service of another vendor

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CHALLENGE 2: DATA
PRIVACY AND
SECURITY CONCERNS
• Cloud services are prone to attacks because they are accessed through internet.
• Security is given by
• o Storing the encrypted data in to cloud.
• o Firewalls, filters.
• Cloud environment attacks include
• o Guest hopping
• o Hijacking
• o VM rootkits.

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CHALLENGE 3: UNPREDICTABLE PERFORMANCE
AND BOTTLENECKS
• Multiple VMs can share CPUs and main memory in cloud computing, but I/O sharing
is
• problematic.
• Internet applications continue to become more data-intensive (handles huge amount
of
• data).
• Handling huge amount of data (data intensive) is a bottleneck in cloud environment.
• Weak Servers that does not provide data transfers properly must be removed from
cloud

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CHALLENGE 4: DISTRIBUTED STORAGE AND
WIDESPREAD SOFTWARE BUGS
• The database is always growing in cloud applications.
• There is a need to create a storage system that meets this growth.
• This demands the design of efficient distributed SANs (Storage Area Network of Storage
• devices).
• Data centres must meet
• o Scalability
• o Data durability
• o HA(High Availability)
• o Data consistence
• Bug refers to errors in software. Debugging
• must be done in data centres
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CHALLENGE 5: CLOUD SCALABILITY,
INTEROPERABILITY AND STANDARDIZATION CLOUD
SCALABILITY
• Cloud resources are scalable. Cost increases when storage and network bandwidth
• scaled(increased)
• Interoperability
• Open Virtualization Format (OVF) describes an open, secure, portable, efficient, and
• extensible format for the packaging and distribution of VMs.
• OVF defines a transport mechanism for VM, that can be applied to different
virtualization
• platforms
• Standardization
• Cloud standardization, should have ability for virtual machine to run on any virtual
• platform.

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CHALLENGE 6: SOFTWARE LICENSING AND
REPUTATION SHARING
• Cloud providers can use both pay-for-use and bulk-use licensing schemes to widen the
• business coverage.
• Cloud providers must create reputation-guarding services similar to the “trusted e-mail”
• services
• Cloud providers want legal liability to remain with the customer, and vice versa.

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CLOUD STORAGE
• touring your data on the storage of a cloud service provider rather than on a local system.
• Data stored on the cloud are accessed through Internet.
• Cloud Service Provider provides Storage as a Service

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STORAGE AS A
SERVICE

• third-party provider rents space on their storage to cloud users.

• 🞂 Customers move to cloud storage when they lack in budget for having their own
storage.
• 🞂 Storage service providers takes the responsibility of taking current backup, replication,
• and disaster recovery needs.
• 🞂 Small and medium-sized businesses can make use of Cloud Storage
• 🞂 Storage is rented from the provider using a

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PROVIDERS
• Google Docs allows users to upload documents, spreadsheets, and presentations to
• Google’s data servers.
• 🞂 Those files can then be edited using a Google application.
• 🞂 Web email providers like Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo! Mail, store email messages on
• their own servers.
• 🞂 Users can access their email from computers and other devices connected to the Internet.
• 🞂 Flicker and Picasa host millions of digital photographs, Users can create their own online
• photo albums.

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DATA SECURITY
• o secure data, most systems use a combination of techniques:
• o Encryption o Authentication o Authorization
• Encryption
• o Algorithms are used to encode information. To decode the information keys are required.
• Authentication processes
• o This requires a user to create a name and password.
• Authorization practices
• o The client lists the people who are authorized to access information stored on the cloud
• system.
• If information stored on the cloud, the head of the IT department might have complete and
• free access to everything.
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THANKYOU

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