Application
Layer
WWW and
HTTP
ARCHITECTURE
• The World Wide Web (WWW) is a repository of
information linked together from points all over
the world.
• The WWW today is a distributed client/server
service, in which a client using a browser can
access a service using a server.
• The service provided is distributed over many
locations called sites.
Architecture
of WWW
• Each site holds one or more documents, referred to
as Web pages. Each Web page can contain a link to
other pages in the same site or at other sites. The
pages can be retrieved and viewed by using browsers
• The client needs to see some information that it
knows belongs to site A. It sends a request through
its browser, a program that is designed to fetch Web
documents.
• The request, among other information, includes the
address of the site and the Web page, called the URL
• The server at site A finds the document and sends it
to the client.
Browser
• Each browser usually consists of three parts: a
controller, client protocol, and interpreters.
• The controller receives input from the keyboard
or the mouse and uses the client programs to
access the document.
• Controller uses one of the interpreters to display
the document on the screen.
• To improve efficiency, servers normally store
requested files in a cache in memory; memory is
faster to access than disk.
• A URL is a standard for specifying any kind of information on the
Internet. The URL defines four things: protocol, host computer,
port, and path
• The protocol is the client/server program used to retrieve the
document.
Uniform • The host is the computer on which the information is located,
although the name of the computer can be an alias.
Resource • The URL can optionally contain the port number of the server. If
the port is included, it is inserted between the host and the path,
Locator (URL) and it is separated from the host by a colon.
• Path is the pathname of the file where the information is located.
WEB DOCUMENTS
• The documents in the WWW can be
grouped into three broad categories:
static, dynamic, and active.
• The category is based on the time at
which the contents of the document
are determined.
Static document
• Static documents are fixed-content
documents that are created and stored in a
server.
• The client can get only a copy of the
document. In other words, the contents of the
file are determined when the file is created,
not when it is used.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
• HTML is a language for creating Web
pages.
• The term markup language comes from
the book publishing industry Boldface tags
• The two tags <B> and </B> are
instructions for the browser. When the
browser sees these two marks, it knows
that the text must be boldfaced
Beginning and ending tags
Dynamic document
using CGI
• Dynamic document is created by a Web server whenever a
browser requests the document.
• When a request arrives, the Web server runs an application
program or a script that creates the dynamic document. dynamic
document example- is the retrieval of the time and date from a
server.
• Dynamic documents are sometimes referred to as server-site
dynamic documents.
• The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a technology that creates
and handles dynamic documents. CGI is a set of standards that
defines how a dynamic document is written, how data are input
to the program, and how the output result is used.
Active document
• For many applications, we need a program or a script to be run at the client site. These are called
active documents, e. g.- Java Applets
• Active documents are sometimes referred to as client-site dynamic documents
Active document using Java applet Active document using client-site script
Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP)
• HTTP is a protocol used mainly to access data on
the World Wide Web.
• HTTP functions as a combination of FTP and
SMTP.
• HTTP uses the services of TCP on well-known
port 80.
HTTP transaction
• Although HTTP uses the services of TCP, HTTP itself is a
stateless protocol.
• The client initializes the transaction by sending a request
message. The server replies by sending a response.
• The formats of the request and response messages are
similar.. A request message consists of a request line, a
header, and sometimes a body.
• A response message consists of a status line, a header, and
sometimes a body.
Request
and
response
messages
SIMPLE NETWORK
MANAGEMENT
PROTOCOL (SNMP)
• SNMP is a framework for managing
devices in an internet using the TCP/IP
protocol suite.
• It provides a set of fundamental
operations for monitoring and
maintaining an internet.
• SNMP defines the format of packets
exchanged between a manager and an
agent.
• It reads and changes the status (values)
of objects (variables) in SNMP packets.
Question
• Which of the following is an
application layer service?
a) Network virtual terminal
b) File transfer, access, and
management
c) Mail service
d) All of the mentioned
