SELECTION OF DONORS &

RECIPIENTS
SYNCHRONIZATION

SUBMITTED TO : DR. ANIL KUMAR PANDEY

SUBMITTED BY : NIKHAR MAHAJAN
(J-23-MV-08)
DONOR SELECTION
•One of the routine measures is the careful assessment of potential
donors.
•They should be in positive energy balance, and cows losing weight
after calving are particularly poor candidates for induction of
superovulation.
•In general, they should have had two regular oestrous cycles before
commencement of the procedure and be otherwise gynaecologically
normal.
• Age, parity, and season (except heat stress) have some influence on
the subsequent outcome of superovulation, and there is also a certain
breed effect.
•Ultrasonography may be used before superovulation to ensure
that there is a degree of ovarian follicular activity, but the
correlation between the ultrasonographically visualised number of
small and medium sized ovarian follicles at the time of initiation of
hormone treatment and the subsequent number of ovulations is
not high but may give some indication of the donor’s subsequent
response.
•The blood concentration of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is an
indicator of the active follicle population in the donors.
•It has some potential application as a method in assisting in the
selection of donors for superovulation, but variation between
breeds and different genetic lines requires further investigations.
RECIPIENT SELECTION
• A close synchrony between donor and recipient oestrus is essential
to achieve high pregnancy rates.
• To induce oestrus in the recipients, they are given two doses of
prostaglandin 11 days apart.
• The last injection is given 24 hours before the donor’s
prostaglandin injection, as the recipient has a longer response time
to oestrus in comparison to the donor.
• The reason for this is the earlier and increased rise in the donor’s
oestrogen (E2) concentrations that will trigger an earlier LH surge.
SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTROUS CYCLES

• Synchronization of estrous implies the manipulation

of the estrous cycle or induction of estrus to bring a
large percentage of a group of females into estrus at
a short, predetermined time.
• Synchronization of estrus and ovulation in a group of
females allows one to predict the time of estrus with
reasonable accuracy.
• This reduces the time required for detection of
estrus, or in some cases makes it possible for
timed AI (TAl) without detection of estrus.
 METHODS OF SYNCHRONIZATION

• There are two basic methods of synchronization of the estrous cycles in farm
species. These methods depend on either inhibiting LH secretion, or
shortening the life span of the corpus luteum (CL) and the subsequent onset
of estrus and ovulation.
SHORTENING THE LUTEAL PHASE.

• This method induces the premature regression of a cyclic CL (Iuteolysis).

The two primary luteolytic agents are estrogen and prostaglandin F2α
(PGF2α) , or its analogue (Cloprostenol).
• Estrogen is luteolytic in ruminants but not in horse or pig whereas PGF2α is
luteolytic in all species, at least during certain phases of CL development.
• A single injection of PGF2α will regress the CL usually within 24 to 72 h,
and estrus and ovulation occur within 2 to 3 days.
• In all species, the CL is responsive to luteolytic agents only during certain
stages of its development.
• Luteolytic agents will not cause regression of the CL during the first 4 to 6
days of the cycle in ruminants and horses, and during the first 12 or 13 days
of the cycle in the pig.
• Estrus and ovulation can also be synchronized in cyclic animals through a
combination of progestogen and a luteolytic agent.
• This approach uses a luteolytic agent to regress the CL and the progestogen
to mimic the action of progesterone and prevent estrus until its withdrawal.
EXTENDING THE LUTEAL PHASE.

• This method involves long term administration of a progestogen so that

the CL regresses naturally during the period when progestogen is being
administered.
• The exogenous progestogen continues to exert a negative feedback on
LH secretion after regression of the CL.
• On progestogen withdrawal, follicular growth, estrus, and ovulation occur
within 2 to 8 days. The interval from withdrawal of progestogen to the
onset of estrus varies among species and among methods of progestogen
treatment within species. Generally, long term progestogen treatment
lasts for 14 to 21 days depending on the species.
•
• Shortening of luteal phase
• To induce death of CL before actual time of luteolysis
• Prostaglandins
Natural
Synthetic analogues
• Extending the luteal phase
• To mimic the action of CL
• Natural progesterone (Sponges)
• Synthetic (MGA, FGA, MAP)….30, 40, 45 mg
• Giving natural progesterone
• Natural progesterone :
• Eazibreed (CIDR)…….T-shaped device impregnated with 1.38
gm progesterone
• TRIU-B
• 3 medicated rings (green colour) containing Progesterone
186 mg each and one additional ring (pink colour) with
Progesterone IP 400 mg.
• Prostaglandins: PGF2a

• Lutalyse - Natural compound 25 mg dose I.M. (Half

life 2-3 min in blood
• Estrumate - Analogue 500 mg dose I.M.( Half life 3-4
hr in blood)
• Bovilene - Analogue 1 mg dose (Half life in blood 18-
24 hrs)
 SYNCHRONIZATION METHODS

• A) CATTLE :
1)PGF2α and its analogs are the most effective method for estrous cycle
control in dairy cattle. Long term progestogen treatment of cattle is
unsatisfactory because of reduced fertility, even though estrus is well
synchronized
ONE SHOT PROSTAGLANDIN: A SINGLE
INJECTION GIVEN TO CYCLIC FEMALES
TWO SHOT PROSTAGLANDIN
• TWO SHOT PROSTAGLANDIN: at an interval of 10 to 14 days
when stage of estrus cycle unknown
2) PROGESTERONE TREATMENT
• Melengesterol acetate feeding.
• Each female receives 0.5 mg MGA per head per day for 14
days.
• Upon removal, cyclic females begin to show estrus.
• Females should be bred on second estrus following MGA
removal.
• An injection of prostaglandin given 15-19 days after removal
of MGA from feed.
 PRID( PROGESTERONE RELEASING
INTRAVAGINAL DEVICE)
• Stainless steel coil covered with an inert elastomer
incorporating 1.55 g of progesterone
• Kept for 12 days
• Produces progesterone concentrations in peripheral blood
comparable to diestrus levels
CIDR
: Contains 1.9 g natural progesterone
SYNCRO-MATE-B (EAR IMPLANT)
• Given between day 8 and day 12 of estrus cycle to maximise
the response
• Consists of an ear implant impregnated with norgestomet
and 2 ml injection containing a solution of norgestomet and
estradiol valerate
• 3 mg norgestomet given along Inj 3mg norgestomet (I/M)
+5mg Estradiol valerate
• Kept for 9 days
INTRAVAGINAL SPONGES
P4 impregnated sponges (sponges soaked in oil containing the P 4)
Dusted with antibiotics
Positioned deep in the vagina
Left for 18-21 days
Disadvantages:
Low fertility
Sponges are displaced
During withdrawal, teasing of vaginal mucosa leads to infection
GNRH BASED SYNCHRONIZATION

Includes GnRH and PGF

Synchronization and fertility is good
Applicable in post partum anoestrus females
GnRH causes ovulation of dominant follicle and initiates new
follicular wave just 2.5 days after treatment.
3)GNRH AND PGF2A BASED
SYNCHRONIZATION SYSTEM

• Initial GnRH injection is used to programme follicular growth in

cyclic females.
• PGF2a (day 7)induces regression of CL to cause decline in
progesterone.
• Second GnRH given on day 9-10 induces ovulation of dominant
follicle that has been pre-programmed by GnRH
• 1.GnRH-PGF SYSTEM: Called as SELECT SYNCH
• 0 day we give GnRH and on 7th we give PGF
• A second GnRH given between 48-72 hours after PGF
• It has several variations
• A) OVSYNCH: GnRH on day 0,PGF on day 7,second GnRH
on day 9 and then timed AI on day10

• B) CO-SYNCH; GnRH on day0,PGF on day 7,second GnRH

and insemination simultaneously on day 9
• Advantages are tight synchronization of estrus, most females
respond to it, encourages estrus in non cyclic cows that are
at least 30 days post partum.
HYBRID SYNCH

• GnRH on day 0,PGF on day 7 and then estrus detection and

breeding from day 7-10.
• Females not observed in estrus are bred on day 10 and given
second injection of GnRH
• Highest conception rates among all GnRH based programmes
4)ADDITION OF PROGESTRONE IN
GNRH- BASED PROTOCOL

MGA-GnRH-PG protocol:
• MGA administered to cows orally for 14 days,10 days
after removal of MGA an injection of GnRH given.
• 7 days after injection of GnRH, PGF injection given.
• 80% cows show estrus within 48-72 hours of PGF
injection
B) SYNCRONISATION IN SHEEP

1) Progestogen(pessary)+ eCG
Progestogen (12-14 days), eCG(day of pessary removal)
Estrus after 48 hrs after the end of treatment
Breeding within 48 -60 hrs
2) PGF
Two injections 9 days apart
Estrus within 2–3 days
Breeding after 48 hrs
C) SYNCRONISATION IN GOAT
1)PROGESTOGEN(PESSARY) + eCG
Progestogen(18-21 days), eCG(day of pessary removal)
Estrus within 2-3 days
Breeding after 30-48 hrs
2)PGF
Two injections(11-12 days apart)
Estrus within 2-3 days
Breeding after 48 hrs
D) SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE MARE

• Progesterone and prostaglandins are used for synchronization

• When administered in diestrus, expect ovulation in 7-12 days
• If 30-35mm follicle is present, expect ovulation in 2-4 days
• “short cycling” refers to restarting the estrous cycle early
• Will only work when fully functional CL is present
Prostaglandin should be given after day 6

• hCG can be given to mares resulting in immediate ovulation

METHODS IN MARE
1)Progestogen in feed
Alrennogest(15 days)
Estrus after 4-7 days
2)PGF
One dose to mares in diestrus
Estrus after 3-5 days
3) PGF+hCG
PGf on day 1, hCG on day 7-8, PGf on day 15, hCG on day 21-
22
Estrus after 2-4 days
E) SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE SOW
Prostaglandin will not cause CL regression until day 12 of cycle because LH
binds to luteal cell receptor with strong affinity following ovulation and is
not released until day 12
 Repeated injections over two to three days will regress CL sooner, but is
not practical.
• Common progestins will synchronize estrus but cause ovarian cysts

• Progestogen in feed (Alrrenogest) for 14-18 days, sow shows estrus

symptoms after 4-6 days & breeding after 24 hrs.
THANKYOU