Image Digitization

(Quantization)
Image Digitization
(QUANTIZATION)
 Quantization means……Rounding off a number.

 Higher the grey level resolution of an image more are the

number of quantized levels.
• The number of bits required to store a digital image is
b = M * N * k (2-12)

• When M = N, this equation becomes

 b = N2k
 Image Digitization
(QUANTIZATION)

 The range of values spanned by the gray scale is referred to as

the dynamic range,
 Dynamic range of an imaging system is the ratio of the
maximum measurable intensity to the minimum detectable
intensity level in the system.
 As a rule, the upper limit is determined by saturation and the
lower limit by noise, although noise can be present also in
lighter intensities
Quantization

 I=

 THE VALUE OF EACH PIXEL IS KNOWN AS THE GREY

LEVEL…..Quantization.
 2 bits to represent the grey levels…….only 4 different grey levels (22).
 8 bits to represent the grey levels, we have 28 or 256 grey levels.
 Hence more the number of bits…more is the number of grey levels.
 The total size of the as shown in the matrix above therore is M X N x b bits
Quantization

• Image digitization requires that decisions be made regarding the

values for M, N, and for the number, L, of discrete intensity levels.

• There are no restrictions placed on M and N, other than they have

to be positive integers.

• However, digital storage and quantizing hardware considerations

usually lead to the number of intensity levels, L, being an integer
power of two; that is
L = 2k (2-11)
where k is an integer. We assume that the discrete levels are
equally spaced and that they are integers in the range [0,L − 1].
The obvious question

 what should be the ideal values of sampling and quantization?

Effect of reducing the quantization
levels
Effect of reducing the quantization
levels
 Q1. Given below is a 8 X 8 X 8 image. Reduce the quantization
such that the image has 16 grey levels (4 bit image).

0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10
50 50 50 50 100 100 100 100
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
200 200 200 200 200 200 100 100
255 255 255 100 0 0 0 0
10 10 10 255 0 10 0 0
200 200 255 100 100 100 10 10
200 255 10 10 0 0 10 10
 Solution: Since the original image is of 8 bits, it has grey levels
varying from 0 -255.

0 0 0 0 10 10 10 10
 So, the range has to be reduced from 0-255 to 0-15. 50 50 50 50 10 10 10 10
0 0 0 0
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 20 20 20 20 20 10 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 25 25 25 10 0 0 0 0
When 5 5 5 0
 r=0 s=0 10 10 10 25 0 10 0 0
5
 r = 10 s = 0.588
20 20 25 10 10 10 10 10
 r = 50 s = 2.94 0 00 0 5 0 0 0 01 01 1 1
 20 3 25 3 10 3 103 06 06 10
6 10
6
r = 100 s = 5.88
0 5
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
 r = 150 s = 8.82
12 12 12 12 12 12 6 6
 r = 200 s = 11.76 15 15 15 6 0 0 0 0
 r = 255 s = 15 1 1 1 15 0 0 0 0
 Hence the final image after rounding off is 12 12 15 6 6 6 1 1
12 15 1 1 0 1 1 1
 Reduce the spatial resolution of the given 8 X 8 image :

100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200

50 50 50 50 150 150 150 150
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0
20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10
20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10
250 250 100 100 60 160 100 10
250 250 100 100 60 160 100 10
50 50 50 150 60 60 100 0
100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200
50 50 50 50 150 150 150 150
100 100 100 100 0 0 0 0
100 100 200 200
20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10
100 100 0 0
20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10
20 20 10 10
250 250 100 100 60 160 100 10
250 250 60 100
250 250 100 100 60 160 100 10
50 50 50 150 60 60 100 0
Isopreference Curves

 Images with large amount of details require few grey levels.

 Iso preference curve of the crowd is near vertical.

Physical Resolution

 Dots per unit distance is a measure of image resolution used in

the printing and publishing industry.
 It is expressed as dots per inch (dpi).
 To be meaningful, measures of spatial resolution must be stated
with respect to spatial units.
 Image size by itself does not tell the complete story.

 What is the total number of pixels in an image with a size of 3 X 2

inch and a resolution of 300 pixels per inch?
 Q: compute the physical size of a 640 X 480image, when printed
by a printer at 240 pixels per inch.

 Solution: since we have 240 pixels per inch, the physical size of
the image is:
Aspect Ratio

 Q: if we want to resize a 1024 X 768 image to one that is 600

pixels wide with the same aspect ratio as the original image,
what should be the height of the resized image?

 Solution: we know:
 For the original image the aspect ratio is = 1024/768 = 1.33
 Now for the resized image, we want the same aspect ratio but
with a width of 600 pixels.
 Height = = 600/1.33 = 451
 Hence the resized image will be 600 X 451.
Digital Halftone
 Halftoning is a technique used to produce grey shades for bi-level
devices like printers.
Thank you !!