INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
Transformer
Submitted by:
Name:
Roll no:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ayush Snehil
Toppo, a student of class XII-A has
successfully completed the research
on the below mentioned project
under the guidance of
(subject teacher)during the year
2023 – 2024 in partial fulfillment of
physics practical examination.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this success. Then I would like to
thank my physics teacher Mr.
whose valuable guidance has been the ones
that helped me patch this project and make it
full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the
project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion of
the project. Last but not least I would like to
thank my classmates who have helped me a
lot.
1. Certificate of Excellence
2. Aim Of Project
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Apparatus Required
6. Procedure
7. Observation
8. Conclusion
9. Precaution
Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice versa.
A Transformer based on the principle of mutual
induction according to this principle , the amount
of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an
E.M.F is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used
for changing the A.C voltages. A transformer is
most widely used device in both low and high
current circuit
As such transformer are built
in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic,
measurement and
control circuits, transformer
size may be so small that it
weight only a few tones of
gram where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the
electrical energy transfer
from one
circuit to another circuit
takes place without the
use of moving
parts.
A transformer which
increases the voltage is
called a
step-up transformer.
A transformer which
decreases the A.C.
voltages is step-down
transformer.
Tranformer is therefore, an
essential piece of
apparatus
both for high and low
current circuits
Objective
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:-
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer
Theory
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary
coil P1 P2 , an alternating current starts falling in it.
The alternating current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces alternating
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In
a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary
is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values f the e.m.f’s
induced in the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
dϕ/dt=rate of change of flux in each
turnoff the
coil at this instant, we have
Ep= -Np dϕ/dt………………. (1)
And
Es = -Ns dϕ/dt………………….(2)
Since the above relations are true at
every instant, so
by diving 2 by 1 , we get
Es/Ep = -Ns/Np……………….(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of
back e.m.f induced
in the primary coil P1 ,so the
instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference
(E – Ep) in the instantaneous value of
the applied
and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance
o, P1 P2 coil
is given by
Ip = E-Ep /Rp
E-Ep= Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be
written as
Es/Ep = Es/E
= output e.m.f = input e.m.f
= Ns/Np = K
Where K is constant turn or
transformation ratio
In A Step Down
Transformer
Es˂E so K ˂ 1, Hence NS ˂NP
If
Ip = value of secondary primary current at same
instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant , then
Input power at the instant = EpIp
And
Output power at the same instant = EsIs
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then
input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip=Es Is
Or
E s/Ep=Ip/Is=K
Illustration
Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to
the input power.
i.e. dη=output power/input power= Es Is/Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, dη=1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
Efficiency = 1 -
= 1 - I1
2R1+W1/V1I1cosϕ1
η = 1- I1 R1 /V1 cosϕ – W/ V1I1cosϕ1
differentiating above equation with respect to I1
= 0 – R1/ V1cosϕ1+ W/ V1I1
2cosϕ1
η will be maximum at
=0
Hence efficiency η will be maximum at
R1/ V1cosϕ1 =+ W/ V1I1
2cosϕ1
I1
2R1=W
Energy Losses
1. Copper Loss is the energy loss in the form of heat
in
the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron Losses is the energy loss in the form of heat
in the
iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation
of
eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking
laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best
insulations. There , rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1 S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
P1 P2 .
4. Hysteresis Loss is the loss of energy due to
repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a
transformer
Apparatus Required
Circuit Diagram
Procedure Followed
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind
a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper(say
60) . This constitutes primary coil of transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns ( say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
3. Connect P1
,P2
to A.C main and measure the input voltage
and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly,measure the output voltage and current through S1
and S2
.
5. Now connect S1 and S2
to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformer by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
Uses Of Transformers
1. In voltage regulator for T.V. , refrigerator,
computer,
air conditioner, etc.
2. A step down transformer in used for welding
purposes.
3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large
current.
4. A step up transformer is used for the production
of X –
Rays and NEON advertisement.
5. Transformer are used in voltage regulators and
stabilizied power supplies.
6. Transformer are used in the transmission of a.c.
over
long distances.
7. Small transformer are used in radio sets,
telephones
,loud speakers and electric bells etc
Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio ( Ns/ Np)
with respect to the input voltage.
2. There is a loss of power between input and output
coil of a transformer .
Precautions
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage
the A.C should remain constant.
Sources of error
1. Values of current can be changed due o heating
effect
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
Bibilography
• 1. Ncert textbook class 12
• 2.Ncert physics lab manuel
• 3. Internet
• 4. www.yahoo .com
• 5. www.scribd.com
• 6. www.google.com
