BASIC INTRODUCTION OF
WIRELINE LOGGING
MAIN TOPIC
[Link] Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
2. Logging Techniques and
Measurements
[Link] Operating Procedures
[Link] Job
[Link] Basic Concept of Wireline Logging
WIRELINE LOGGING DEFINITION
Record of properties of Rock and other
subsurface measurements
(Resistivity, Density, Dipping,
Pressure, Porosity, Imaging,…etc.)
against depth.
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
ANOTHER DEFINITION
Well logging is the process of recording
various physical, chemical, electrical, or
other properties of the rock/fluid mixtures
penetrated by drilling a well into the earth’s
mantle.
-Crain’s Petrophysical Handbook
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
THE FIRST LOG -PECHELBRON FRANCE
1927
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Logging Truck Unit
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Logging Skit Unit
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
The Well Logging
Operation
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
The Well Logging
Operation
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
What Logs Can Measure ?
Electron density of the rock
Acoustic travel-time of the rock
Resistivity, at various distance from the borehole
Neutron absorption rate
The self potential of the rock/borehole fluid interface
The size of the borehole drilled in the rock
The flow rate and density of fluids in the borehole
Other related or derived properties
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Why Are We Logging Wells ?
Geophysics look to logs for:
Where are my formation tops (as predicted) ?
Does seismic interpretation agree with log data ?
How is my synthetic doing with this new information ?
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Why Are We Logging Wells ?
Geophysics look to logs for:
Where are my formation tops ?
Do I have any reservoir ?
Is there any Hydrocarbon in the well ?
What type of Hydrocarbons is there ?
How good is my reservoir ?
What kind of reserves do I have ?
How does this tie in to my offsets ?
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Why Are We Logging Wells ?
Drilling Engineers are looking for:
What is my hole volume (cement) ?
What is my dog leg severity ?
Where can I get a good packer seat for testing ?
Where can I set up my whipstock ?
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Why Are We Logging Wells ?
Production Engineers are looking for:
Where should complete this well ?
What will be my expected production rates ?
Will I have to deal with water ?
How should I complete this well ?
Do I need to stimulate this well ?
How should I stimulate it ?
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
The structure of a petroleum-bearing reservoir
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Basic Rock Properties
• There are four fundamental properties used in the
description and analysis of hydrocarbon bearing
rocks.
Resistivity
Porosity
Permeability
Saturation
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Resistivity
- Resistivity is a measure of the resistance of a give volume of material:
R=r A/L
R=resistivity, ohm-m
r=resistance, ohms F=1/R
A= cross sectional area, m2 F=conductivity, S/m
L=length, m R=resistivity, ohm-m
The inverse of resistivity is
conductivity, this is defined as the
ability of a material to conduct
electrical current.
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Porosity
o Total porosity represents the ratio of total pore
volume within the rock to the total bulk volume
including voids
o Effective porosity represent the ratio of the
interconnected pore space to the total bulk
volume.
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Porosity
o Primary porosity is formed from the original
porosity that was created with the formation of
the rock and after the rock has undergone
compressional stresses and cementation.
o Secondary porosity is created after deposition
and can be formed by such things as;
dolomitization, leaching or fracturing.
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
Permeability
o Rock measurements of permeability are normally
expressed in millidarcies, md.
o Other terms such as absolute, effective, and relative
permeability, are used for detailed reservoir
parameters
− If only a single medium (oil, water or gas) flows
through the rock the term absolute permeability is
used.
− When a reservoir contains two or all media the
effective permeability (k o, kw, kg) for each is
consider.
The Basic Concept of Wireline
Logging
2. Logging Techniques & Measurement
Classification of Log Measurement
Problems Specific to Well-log Measurements
Logging Equipment
Logging Borehole Environment
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Classification of Well-logging
1. Natural Phenomena
2. Physical properties measured by
inducing responses from the formation
Basic Equipment:
Source(emitter) + Detector
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Classification of Well-logging
Group 1: Natural Phenomena
Gamma Ray, Spectral-log, SP log
TTRm , Caliper, Orientation Log
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Classification of Well-logging
Group 2: Inducing Response
A. Resistivity Log C. Acoustic(sonic) Log
DPIL,, DLL, MSFL, HDIL DAL, MAC, SBT, CBL, VSP
B. Radioactivity log D. Imaging Tool & other
ZDL,CN MRIL, DCBIL, STAR-II, HDIP
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Problems to Well-log measurements
Borehole Effects ,Invasion
The effect of tool geometry
Logging speed
Hostile environments
Depth of investigation
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Problems to Well-log measurements
Mud invasion
The phenomenon of the replacement of formation fluids by drilling mud
filtrate is called invasion .
Invasion affects porous and permeable formations in the immediate
vicinity of a borehole.
It is described by 'depth' or 'diameter' of invasion, that is the distance
reached by the invading filtrate with respect to the borehole .
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Problems to Well-log measurements
Depth of invasion (distance from borehole wall) vs. porosity (approximate)
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Problems to Well-log measurements
Depth of investigation
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Logging Equipment
Wireline logging cable;
Winch to raise and lower the cable in the well;
Self-contained 120 volt AC generator;
Set of surface control panels;
Set of downhole tools (sondes and cartridges); and
Recording mechanism (tape and/or film).
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Logging Equipment
Wireline logging cable
Mono-conductor cable (Cased & Open Hole logging on production well)
(7/32in, 5/16in, etc.)
Multi-conductor or Hepta cable (Open Hole logging on rig)
(7/16in,15/32in etc.)
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Logging Equipment
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Logging Equipment
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Tools Measure Points
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Measure points and
memorization distance
Logging Techniques & Measurement
The Logging Borehole Environment
Logging Engineer Should Keep in Mind:
Well TD
CSG
BS
Well Deviation, Build Engle
Mud Salinity, mud density,…
Logging Techniques & Measurement
Depending on the type of mud used (oil- or water-base) and the relative values of Rmf
and Rw, the invasion process may result in a radial resistivity profile that increases or
decreases with distance from the borehole wall. Figure gives an illustration of what
may be expected for some cases.
3. Standard Operation Procedure
Office Work
Shop Work
Wellsite Work
Standard Operation Procedure
Field Logging SOP
1. Job Order Pre-job Planning
Instrument Checkout
Equipment Load-out
Engineer’s Load-out Check List
Vehicle Checkout
Acquisition System Checkout
Standard Operation Procedure
Field Logging SOP
2. Pre-job Shop Procedures
Ready
Instrument
Ready Vehicles
Instrument checkout
Ready D.H Tools
Pre-job paperwork
Pre-job Vehicle Check
Equip. Loading Per Checklists
Acquisition System Checkout
Standard Operation Procedure
SOP
At Wellsite: Job Review
Well Information,
Safety meeting,
Unloading
Rig-up planning,
Mud measure,
Rig up
Hole condition
Acquisition System Check Again
Horizontal Makeup & Verify
Standard Operation Procedure
SOP
Service Down hole Operations Post Job Procedure
Going downhole, At Wellsite
perform services,
coming out of hole
Post service processing Clean D.H. Tools
Safety meeting,
Back Up all the Logging Data Run
Load Equipment
Playbacks & Post Processing
Clean Environment
Complete Service Order & Job Data
Do after verification
Field Prints & Floppy disks
Standard Operation Procedure
SOP
Back To Shop : Cleaning Make Main Prints/Film
Vehicle Service / Repair PAPER WORK
Equipment Maintenance in Lab
Explosives & Source to Storage
Primary Calibration/ Verification
Perfect Job !
NEXT JOD ORDER OK, Finished
Standard Operation Procedure
Logging Print
4. Fishing Job
Becoming Stuck
Fishing Job
Breaking the cable at the weak point
Fishing Job
Fishing illustrates these methods
From The Lecture You Gotten:
1. Some Well Logging Basic Concepts
2. Logging Equipment
3. Field Logging Operation Procedure
Question On You:
1. [Link] different Φt, Φn, ΦD?
2. [Link] Many Main Types of Equipment Used in Well
Logging?
GOOD LUCK
THE END
