"

"If you were asked

how the universe
began, what would
you say?"
The study of the evolution of the
universe from its first moments to the
present is called Cosmology.
Cosmos means “universe.”
Universe means “everything.” It includes all of
space, and all the matter and energy that space
contains.
THEORIES
1. DIVINE THEORY
2. INTELLIGENCE THEORY
3. STEADY STATE THEORY
4. BIG BANG THEORY
DIVINE
THEORY
DIVINE THEORY

- The theory proposed

that the universe is
created by God
INTELLIGENT
THEORY
INTELLIGENT THEORY
- The theory proposed that the universe and
its complex life forms cannot be explained
solely by natural causes and thus an
intelligent higher power contributed to the
origin of the universe.
This clock has an
intelligent
designer.
STEADY STATE
THEORY
STEADY STATE THEORY, 1948
- (Thosmas Gold, Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi)

- The theory proposed

that the universe is
unchanging in time
and uniform in space.
STEADY STATE THEORY, 1948
- There is a continuous creation of matter.
- This type of universe would be infinite
with no beginning or end.
BIG BANG
THEORY
 He observed
that galaxies
are moving
away from the
1910 earth.
Spiral Nebula
George Lemaitre (1927)
- He proposed an
explanation for why
galaxies are moving
away from the earth: it
is because the
universe is expanding.
Edwin Hubble (1929)
- He discovered that
the galaxies are moving
away from each other.
- It was the first time
that it was confirmed that
the universe is indeed
expanding.
1931 – George Lemaitre

If the universe is
expanding, then it
could have been
very small at some
moment in the past.
Singularity – a tiny compact point that
has infinite density; it was extremely hot
and extremely small.
 FOUR CONCEPTS OF BIG BANG
THEORY
1. The Big Bang is an expansion of space.
2. As the universe expands, it cools.
3. The more energetic the particles are, the
higher their temperature.
4. The identity of elements depends on how
many particles it has protons.
 Evidence to Support Big Bang Theory:
1. Redshift of Galaxies
Continuous Spectrum

Longer Shorter
wavelength wavelength
 Absorption Spectrum (of Sun)

Longer wavelength Shorter wavelength

Objects in the universe, like stars, do not absorb all

wavelengths of light but emit them.
 Absorption Spectrum (of farther Galaxy)

Longer wavelength Shorter wavelength

When an object moves away from us,
the wavelength of the light it emits is
longer. In other words, the
wavelength shifts to red. The light
becomes red-shifted.
 When an object moves towards us,
the wavelength of the light it emits
becomes shorter. In other words, the
wavelength shifts to blue. The light
becomes blue-shifted.
 Scientists observed that galaxies are red-
shifted. They then concluded that the
expansion of the universe causes the distance
from us to other galaxies to increase.
Evidence to Support Big Bang Theory:
2. Abundance of elements
(Nucleosynthesis).
It is the formation of elements such
as Hydrogen and Helium, and other
trace constituents. 73% Hydrogen, 25%
Helium, 2% other constituting elements.
 Atomic hydrogen is created in
parts of the universe that are cold
enough to allow protons and electrons to
recombine.
Hydrogen and Helium – the
first two elements in the
universe
Evidence to Support Big Bang Theory:
3. Cosmic Microwave Background
The cosmic microwave background
(CMB) is leftover radiation from the Big Bang
or the time when the universe began. As the
theory goes, when the universe was born, it
underwent rapid inflation, expansion and
cooling.
We cannot see the CMB with our naked eyes.
Through instruments, (microwave radiometer)
the CMB is detected.
 Activity #1: Identification
Direction: Identify the
theory being stated in each
UNIVERSE
statement.
1. It states that the universe is
unchanging in time and uniform in
space.
2. It states that the universe began
UNIVERSE
as just a single point then expanded
and stretched to grow as large as it
is right now.
3. It states that the universe was created by
God and that all creatures were created out
of nothing.
4. It states that the universe was created by
intelligent design rather than being the result
UNIVERSE
of a random, organic coincidence.
5. It states that the universe would be infinite
with no beginning or end.
The Origin of the

SOLAR
SYSTEM
SOLAR SYSTEM
A gravitational
bound system
consisting of the sun
and everything that
orbits it.
Encounter Theory
- It proposes that the planets were
formed from the material ejected from
the sun during an encounter with
another celestial object.
- This celestial object could have
been another star.
Georges Leclerc & Comte de Buffon
NEBULAR THEORY (Kant-Laplace 1796)
A great cloud of gas and dust called
nebula began to collapse because of
gravitational pull. As the cloud contracted,
it spun more rapidly. The spinning cloud
flattens with a bulge at the center.
Primitive solar
atmosphere
contracted because
of the gravitational
pull (attractive
force).
 SOLAR SYSTEM’S STRUCTURE
1. Geocentric Model (Cladius Ptloemy)

Explains that the

universe consisted of an
Earth surrounded by the
Sun, the moon and the
stars.
 SOLAR SYSTEM’S STRUCTURE
2. Heliocentric Model (Nicolaus Copernicus)

Explains that the

Sun is at the center of
the universe. This
means that planets
revolved around the
fixed sun.
“Arrange it like a star”!
Directions: Arrange the Process of the
Nebular Hypothesis and Encounter
Hypothesis in the correct sequence to
better understand the origin of the solar
system.
A. Nebular Hypothesis

____ The center of the cloud becomes hot and forms the Sun.

____ A cloud of gas and dust (nebula) is floating in space.

____ Gravity pulls the cloud together, causing it to collapse and

spin.

____ Small clumps of matter stick together to form planets.

____ The leftover gas and dust flatten into a spinning disk.
B. Encounter Hypothesis

____ A nearby star passes close to the Sun.

____ The pulled-out material cools and forms lumps.

____ These lumps later become planets and moons.

____ The Sun already exists in space.

____ The star's gravity pulls material out from the Sun.
 THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
Orion Arm
The solar system is composed of the
sun and the eight planets: Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune.

Each of the planets has different

characteristics.
They are also
classified as
inner planets
and outer
planets.
What are the inner planets?

The first four planets: Mercury, Venus,

Earth and Mars are called terrestrial or
inner planets.
Inner Planets
1. They are solid and are mostly made up
of rocks and metal; they do not have rings.
2. They are closer to the sun.
3. Earth has one moon, Mars has two
moons, Mercury and Venus has none.
4. They have common features such as
mountains and volcanoes.
 Inner Planets
Mercury
- The smallest planet in the solar
system; nearest to the sun.
- It is slightly larger than the
earth’s moon.
- 430 degree Celsius at day,
180 degree Celsius at night.
- It has no atmosphere; it has no
moons.
 Venus Inner Planets

- Known as “Twin” of the earth because

of its size.
- It is the hottest planet in the solar
system with surface temperature of 465
degree Celsius
- It has thick atmosphere of CO2 with clouds of
sulphuric acid
- It has no moons. Volcanoes, mountains, and
valleys were observed.
 Inner Planets
Earth
- It is also known as watery planet, because 70% of
its surface is covered by water.
- It orbits the Sun once in about 365
days.
- It rotates about its own axis, thus
creating day and night. 24 hours.
- It revolves around the sun, due to
its tilt, seasons are created.
 Inner Planets
Earth
- It has an atmosphere
which prevents too much
heat or UV rays from
Sun reaching earth.
- It has one satellite: moon
- The only planet having life.
 Inner Planets
Mars
- It is often describe as the “Red Planet,” as the iron
oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish
appearance.
- It has two satellites (moons).
- The atmosphere of Mars consist of
about 95% carbon dioxide, 3%
nitrogen, 1.6% argon, and contains
some oxygen and water.
What are the outer planets?

The last four planets: Jupiter, Saturn,

Uranus and Neptune are called outer or
Jovian planets. They are gas giants.
Outer Planets
1. They are called gas giants because they are
much larger than other planets and are mostly
made up of gas.
2. They are set-apart from the terrestrial
planets by the asteroid belt.
3. They have rings and moons. Saturn has
the most prominent ring.
4. Uranus and Neptune are also called
ice giants.
 Outer Planets
Jupiter
- It is the largest planet in the solar system.
- Has an ever-changing
whirlpool of storms known as
the Great Red Spot.
- Jupiter rotates faster than
any other planet.
- It has between 80 and 95 moons.
 Outer Planets
Saturn
- The second largest planet after Jupiter.
- Saturn has the most spectacular
ring system, with seven rings and
several gaps and divisions
between them.
- Just like Mercury, Venus, Mars
and Jupiter, it can also be seen
by the naked eyes.
 Outer Planets
Uranus
- Known as sideways
planet
- It is very cold planet. It
receives 370 times less
sunlight than Earth as it is
far away from sun.
- It has 27 known satellites
 Outer Planets
Neptune
- Most distant and most
windy gas planet
- It cannot be seen with
naked eye.
- It makes a complete orbit around the Sun (a
year in Neptunian time) in about 165 Earth
years (60,190 Earth days).
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Matching type

Directions: Match the descriptions

in Column A with the correct Earth
structure in Column B. Write the
letter of your answer on the blank
before each description.
 COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. It has the most spectacular ring a. Neptune

system. b. Mercury
2. Sideways planet. c. Uranus
3. Known as “twin” COLUMN of A the earth. d. Venus
COLUMN B

4. This planet1.2. has nomostatmosphere

It has the and
spectacular ring system.
Sideways planet.
a.
b.
e. Saturn
Neptune
Mercury
nearest to the3. sun.
Known as “twin” of the earth.
4. This planet has no atmosphere and nearest
c.
d.
f. Earth
Uranus
Venus
5. It has an atmosphere
to the sun. prevents too
5. It has an atmosphere prevents too much
e.
f.
g. Mars
Saturn
Earth
much heat. 6. heat. This planet cannot be seen with naked eyes.
g.
h.
h. Jupiter
Mars
Jupiter
6. This planet7.8. cannot beRedseen
Known as Great Spot. with
Describe as the Red Planet
i. i. Pluto
Pluto

naked eyes.
7. Known as Great Red Spot.
8. Describe as the Red Planet
 PERFORMANCE
TASK
In your A4 size paper, draw and label
COLUMN A COLUMN B

the eight Planets.

1.
2.
It has the most spectacular ring system.
Sideways planet.
a.
b.
Neptune
Mercury

Criteria:
3. Known as “twin” of the earth. c. Uranus
4. This planet has no atmosphere and nearest d. Venus
to the sun. e. Saturn

Creativity-50
5. It has an atmosphere prevents too much f. Earth
heat. g. Mars
6. This planet cannot be seen with naked eyes. h. Jupiter
7. Known as Great Red Spot. i. Pluto
8.
Neatness-25
Describe as the Red Planet

Pass on time-25
 COLUMN A COLUMN B

1.
2.
3.
4. ASSESME
It has the most spectacular ring system.
Sideways planet.
Known as “twin” of the earth.
This planet has no atmosphere and nearest
to the sun.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Neptune
Mercury
Uranus
Venus
Saturn

NT
5. It has an atmosphere prevents too much f. Earth
heat. g. Mars
6. This planet cannot be seen with naked eyes. h. Jupiter
7. Known as Great Red Spot. i. Pluto
8. Describe as the Red Planet
Directions: Read each statement
carefully. Choose the letter of the
correct answer.