21CS208- Operating

Systems
 SYLLABUS

UNIT I OVERVIEW OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Assemblers & Macro Processors: Simple Assembly Scheme, Pass Structure of

assemblers, Macro Definition and Call, Macro Expansion, Nested Macro Calls,
Linkers and Loaders: Introduction, Relocation and linking Concepts and Types
of Loaders.

UNIT II OVERVIEW OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Introduction: Computer System Organization, Computer System Architecture,

Operating System Operations. Operating System Structure: OS Services,
System calls, Types of System Calls, Operating – System Structure, OS
Generation and System Boot.

UNIT III PROCESS MANAGEMENT AND DEADLOCK

Process Management: Process Synchronization. CPU Scheduling: Scheduling

Criteria, Scheduling Algorithms. Deadlock: System Model, Characterization,
Deadlock Detection, Deadlock Prevention, Deadlock Avoidance, Deadlock
 SYLLABUS

UNIT IV STORAGE MANAGEMENT

Memory Management: Main Memory – Swapping, Contiguous Memory

Allocation, Paging, Structure of the Page Tables, Segmentation. Virtual Memory:
Demand paging, Page Replacement, Allocation, Thrashing; Allocating Kernel
Memory, OS Examples.

UNIT V FILE SYSTEMS AND I/O SYSTEMS

Mass Storage System-Overview of Mass Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Disk

Scheduling and Management,Swap-Space Management; File-System Interface-
File Concept, Access Methods,Directory Structure, Directory Organization,File
system mounting,File Sharing and Protection; File System Implementation-File
System Structure, Directory Implementation, Allocation Methods, Free Space
Management, Efficiency and Performance ,Recovery: I/O Systems –I/O
Hardware, Application I/O Interface, Kernel I/O subsystem,Streams and
Performance.
TEXT BOOK(S):
T1. Leland L.Beck, System Software – An Introduction to System Programming, Pearson
Education, Third Edition, 2011.
T2. Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin and Greg Gagne, “Operating System Concepts”, 9 th
Edition,John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2018.
T3. William Stallings,”Operating Systems-Internals and Design Principles”,7 th Edition Prentice
Hall2017

REFERENCES:
R1. D.M.Dhamdhere : System Programming, Tata McGraw Hill, Second Revised Edition, 2011.
R2. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Albert S.WoodHull: Operating Systems, Design and
Implementation, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 2012.
R3. Remzi H.Arpaci-Dusseau,Andrea C.Arpaci-Dusseau,”Operating Systems-Three easy
pieces”2nd Edition.
 Course Outcomes

CO1: Examine the elements with various data structures used in development

of language processors. [K4]

CO2: Make use of process scheduling, deadlocks and synchronization

concepts to develop solutions for multi-programmed environment.[K3]

CO3: Compare and contrast various memory management schemes. [K4]

CO4: Discover the functionality of file systems and disk.[K4]

CO5: Distinguish various schemes for I/O Management and File Systems.[K4]
 Operating System
 Anoperating system (OS) is system
software that manages computer
hardware, software resources, and
provides common services for
computer programs
 Operating System

 AnOperating System (OS) is a

software that acts as an interface
between computer hardware
components and the user.
 Everycomputer system must have at
least one operating system to run
other programs
 Operating System

 The OS helps you to communicate

with the computer without knowing
how to speak the computer’s
language.
 Itis not possible for the user to use
any computer or mobile device
without having an operating
system
 Operating System

 Operating system goals:

 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier

 Make the computer system convenient to use

 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

 Operating System

OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources

Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use

OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of

the computer
Four Components of a Computer
System
 Computer System Organization

 Computer-System Operation

 Storage Structure

 I/O Structure
 Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation

 One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common

bus providing access to shared memory

 Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for

memory cycles
Computer System Organization-Cont.,

Computer-System Operation

For a computer to start running

when it is powered up or rebooted—it needs to have an initial program to run.

This initial program,or bootstrap program

It is stored within the computer hardware in read-only memory ( ROM)

Or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory ( EEPROM)

Bootstrap program must locate the operating-system kernel and load it into

memory
 Computer System Organization-Cont.,

Computer-System Operation

Interrupt Handling

The occurrence of an event is usually signaled by an interrupt from either the

hardware or the software.

Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any time by sending a signal to the

CPU,usually by way of the systembus.

Software may trigger an interrupt by executing a special operation called a

system call (also called a monitor call).

 Computer System Organization-Cont.,

Computer-System Operation

Interrupt Handling

Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through

the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines

Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction

The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing registers and

the program counter

Computer System Organization-Cont.,
Interrupt Handling

After the interrupt is serviced, the saved return address is loaded into the

program counter, and the interrupted computation resumes as though the

interrupt had not occurred.

A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an

error or a user request

An operating system is interrupt driven

Computer System Organization-Cont.,
Storage Structure
Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can access directly

 Random access

 Typically volatile

Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides large nonvolatile

storage capacity

 Hard disks – rigid metal or glass platters covered with magnetic recording
material
 Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided into sectors

 The disk controller determines the logical interaction between the device and
the computer
 Computer System Organization-Cont.,

Storage Hierarchy
Storage systems organized based

 Speed

 Cost

 Volatility

Caching – copying information into faster storage system; main memory can

be viewed as a cache for secondary storage

Storage-Device Hierarchy
 Caching

 Information in use copied from slower to faster storage temporarily

 Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if information is there

 If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast)

 If not, data copied to cache and used there

 Computer System Organization-Cont.,

I/O Structure
I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type

Each device controller has a local buffer

The device controller is responsible for moving the data between

the peripheral devices that it controls and its local buffer storage.

Typically, operating systems have a device driver for each device controller
 Computer System Organization-Cont.,
I/O Structure
To start an I/O operation, the device driver loads the appropriate registers within the device

controller. The device controller, in turn, examines the contents of these registers to determine
what action to take (such as “read a character from the keyboard”).

The controller starts the transfer of data from the device to its local buffer. Once the transfer of

data is complete, the device

controller informs the device driver via an interrupt that it has finished its operation. The device

driver then returns control to the operating system, possibly returning the data or a pointer to the
data if the operation was a read.
 Computer System Organization-Cont.,

I/O Structure

This form of interrupt-driven I/O is fine for moving small amounts of data but can produce

high overhead when used for bulk data movement

To solve this problem, Direct memory access (DMA) is used.

Transfers an entire block of data directly to or from its own buffer storage to memory, with

no intervention by the CPU.

While the device controller is performing these operations, the CPU is available to

accomplish other work.

How a Modern Computer Works
 Computer-System Architecture
 Most systems use a single general-purpose processor

 Most systems have special-purpose processors as well

 Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance

 Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems

 Advantages include:

1. Increased throughput

2. Economy of scale

3. Increased reliability – graceful degradation or fault tolerance

 Two types:

1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing – each processor is assigned a specie task.

2. Symmetric Multiprocessing – each processor performs all tasks

Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture
 A Dual-Core Design
 Multi-chip and multicore
 Systems containing all chips
 Chassis containing multiple separate systems
 Clustered Systems

 Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working together

 Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network (SAN)

 Provides a high-availability service which survives failures

 Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby mode

 Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running applications,

monitoring each other

 Some clusters are for high-performance computing (HPC)

 Applications must be written to use parallelization

 Some have distributed lock manager (DLM) to avoid conflicting operations

Clustered Systems
Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed System