Human

Reproductive
system
Prepared by
Mrs. Rajalakshmi, Msc (N)
 Female Reproductive
System
The female reproductive system consists of
internal and external organs.
It consists of internal and external organs.

It creates hormones and us responsible fir

fertility, menstruation and sexual activity.
 Parts of female
reproductive system
Female
reproductive
system

External Internal
Accessary
genitalia genitalia
 External genitalia
Mons pubis
it is anterior part of genitalia which formed by subcutaneous
addipos tissue. After puberty filled with hair by hormone secreted by
adrenal cortex.
Labia majora
it is otherwise called greater lips. It is filled with muscles. Thick
fold layer
Labia minora
a small thin fold tissue situated between labia majora. It is called
lesser lip. At puberty it will close. It compared to scrotum of male.
Clitoris
it is origin superior part where the two labia minora joints to
form. It is related to penis in male.
4 openings
of labia minora
Urethral opening
Vaginal opening
Opening of Bartholin’s duct/
greater vestibular gland
Fourchette /lesser vestibular
gland
Blood supply
Arterial
Inguinal artery
supply
Pudendal artery

Pudendal vein Venous

Saphenous vein drainage
 Internal reproductive
system
Uterus
Fallopian tube
Ovaries
cervix
uterus
Fallopian tube
ovaries
cervix
 Male reproductive system
Internal
external
 External
Penis
Scrotum
testis
Epididymis
Internal
Breast
 Menstrual cycle
Menstruation is a periodic discharge of blood and
mucosal tissue due to shedding of the uterine lining
(endometrium) from uterus through vagina
Characteristics of menstruation

 MC starts at the age of 12-15 years.

 First occurrence of menstruation called menarche

 Permanent cessation of MC is called menopause (45-50years)

 Duration of menstrual cycle- 28 days

 Hypothalamic –pituitary –
ovarion axis
The phases of menstrual cycle and ovulation are regulated by
interaction between hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovaries.
The interaction involves hormones
ENDOCRINE GLAND HORMONES

Hypothalamus Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Anterior pituitary Follicle-stimulating hormone(FHS)

and luteinizing hormone
Ovaries Estrogen and progesterone
 Phases of Menstrual cycle
Phases

Ovarian cycle Uterine cycle

Follicular Menstrual
Ovulatory Proliferative
luteal secretory
 Components of menstrual
cycle
cycle Pre-ovulation Post-
ovulation

Ovarian Follicular phase Luteal phase

ovulation
cycle

Uterine period proliferati Secretory

cycle ve phase
 Follicular phase
It begins with menses on the first day of the menstrual cycle and ends with
ovulation(Day 1 to Day 14 of 28 days cycle.

At the beginning of menstrual cycle. GnRH( pulsatile manner) FSH and LH.
FSH is responsible for the recruitment and growth of several primordial
follicle.

Only one follicle on one of the ovarian reached maturity( Graafian follicle)
with secrets estrogen.

Increase in estrogen level cause

1. Negative feedback on the pituitary to stop FSH
2. The uterine lining (endometrium) to grow thicker.
Ovulatory phase
The estrogen peak stimulates secretion of LH, leading to the LH
peak which leads to the follicle to burst open, releasing the mature
ovum, a process called ovulation.

The remaining Graafian follicle forms Corpus luteum.

Ovulation occurs on the day 14 of a 28 day cycle.

High estrogen also suppress FSH secretion so not further follicles

grow.
 LUTEAL PHASE
After ovulation, LH levels remain elevated and cause the remains of the
follicle to develop into a yellow body called corpus luteum.

In addition to producing estorgen, the corpus luteum secretes a

hormone called progesterone.

When progesterone reached a high level it inhibits the secretion of LH

leads to degeneration of the corpus luteum (if fertilization does not take
place)
Degeneration of corpus luteum leads decrease in estrogen and
progesterone level and separation of the endometrium
(menstruation)

Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels stimulates the

hypothalamus to secrete more GnRH, a new cycle is started.

If fertilization and implantation occurs. Placenta secretes

human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) which
stimulates and maintain the corpus luteum. hCG leads to
positive urine pregnancy test.
MENSTRUAL PHASE
First day of the menstrual cycle is marked BY the onset of
menstruation

During the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle the uterine lining is
shed because of low levels of progesterone and estrogen

All the same time, a follicle is beginning to develop and starts

producing.

The menstrual phase ends when the menstrual period stops on

approximately day 5
Proliferative phase
When estrogen levels are high enough, the
endometrium begins to regenerate.

Estrogen stimulates blood vessles in turn bring

nutritients and oxygen to the uterine lining. And it begins
to grow and become thicker

The proliferative phase ends with ovulation on day 14.

Secretary phase
After ovulation the corpus luteum begins to produce
progesterone.

This hormone causes the uterine lining to become rich in

nutrients in preparation for pregnancy.

Estrogen levels also remain high so that the lining is

maintained. If pregnancy doesn’t occur. The corpus
luteum gradually degenerates and the woman enters the
Ischemic phase- on days 27 and 28, estrogen and
progesterone levels fall because the corpus luteum is no
longer producing them

Without these hormones to maintain the blood vessel

network, the uterine lining becomes ischemic

When the lining start slogh, the woman has come full
cycle and is once again at day 1 of the menstrual cycle.
 CERVIX

Proliferative phase- thickened- estrogen

Secretory phase- progestrone

 Vaginal changes

Proliferative phase-comified

Secretory phase- proliferate

MENSTRUAL ABNORMALITY
Anovulation

Dysmenorrhea

Hypomenorrhea

Metrorrhagia

Oligomenorrhea

Amenorrhea

Polymenorrhea
 Menstrual hygiene
It is a process that involves to maintain hygiene and to dispose of
maintain hygiene and dispose of sanitary products. This is to be
taken by the female who are undergoing menstruation process.

Purpose
 To prevent infection

 Avoid bad order

 Provide comfort

 To provide sense of well being

Reusable items
Reusable cloth pads
Menstrual cups
Sed sponges
Padded panties
Blenket towel
Thinx
Disposable items

 Tampons
 Pedettes
 Disposable menstrual cups
General hygiene
 Bath regularly

 Changing napkins in every 6 hour

 Frequently wash the cloth and make it dry in sunlight to get

sterilize
 Change cloth daily
 EMBRIOLOGY
Embryology is a branch of science that is related to the formation, growth and development of embryo. It

deals with the prenatal stage of development beginning from formation of gametes, fertilization, formation

of zygote , development of embryo and fetus to the birth of a new individual.

Stages of development

Total 38-40 week

PRE-EMBRYONIC PERIOD - 1-3 WEEKS

EMBRYONIC PERIOD -4-8 WEEKS

FETAL PERIOD - 9 WEEKS- BIRTH

Gestational period

It starts from 1st week to the 3rd week after fertilization,

during which the zygote develops and forms the germ disk.

Embryonic period

It starts from the 4th week to 8th week during which there is
differentiation and formation of most of the tissues and organs of the body.

Fetal period

It starts from the 9th week upto termination of pregnancy

during which there is a rapid growth of the fetus and complete development of the
Process of embryology

Gametogenesis

Oogenesis
Process of embryology

Spermatogenes
is
Fertilization
GAMETOGENESIS

The process of formation and maturation of male and female gamete is known as
gametogenesis. consists of spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

Oogenesis

The process of development and maturation of ovum is known as oogenesis. Egg formation
takes place in the ovaries

Spermatogenesis

The process involved in the development and maturation of spermatids from the male germ
cells and the differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa is called spermatogenesis
FERTILIZATION
It is the process of fusion of the sperma- tozoon with the mature ovum. It
begins with sperm egg collision and ends with production of a
mononucleated single cell called the zygote.

fertilization occurs in the ampullary part of the uterine tube.

PROCESS OF FERTALIZATION
 Implantation / nidation/nesting :
Definition

penetration of the blastocyst into the superficial layer of the

endometrium. The endometrium after implantation is called decidua.

Time

Implantation occurs at the 6th day after fertilization and is completed

about 11th day.

Stages of implantation
 Hatching

Blastocyst gets released from zona pellucida.

 Adplantation

Blastocyst slowly “rolls” on surface align with the epithelium

 Apposition

The very first, loose connection between the blastocyst and the endometrium.

 Adhesion

The trophoblast adhere by penetrating the endometrium .

 Invasion
Trophoblast
Decidua
Chorion or chorionic villi
Development of inner cell mass
placenta
 THE PLACENTA
 Placenta diameter is 15 – 20cm

 Thickness 2.5cm

 It feel spongy

 This is a feto maternal organs

 It weight 500gm
 It has two parts:
Parts of placenta
fetal part

maternal part

Fetal part

It develop from the chorionic sac covered by smooth amnion with the umbilical cord
attached or near its center.

Maternal part

It derived from the endometrium rough and spongy, dull red colour

The placenta and umbilical cord are a transport system for substance between the
mother and the fetus.
Functions of placenta

• The placenta enable the transport of oxygen, water, electrolytes and nutrition from

the maternal to fetal blood

• It also provides for excretion of carbondioxide, urea, and other waste products

• Maternal antibodies(IgG,Immunoglobulines) reaching the fetus through the

placenta.