CLASSES & OBJECTS
OUTLINE
Class
Constructor
Method
Object
This keyword
Instance and static
members
OVERCOMING
NERVOUSNESS
Confidence-building strategies
CLASS 5
class <Class Name> { // Constructors
Car(String type, String model,
field;
String color) {
method; [Link] = type;
[Link] = model;
}
[Link] = color;
class Car {
}
// fields or properties
String type; }
String model;
String color;
int speed;
class 6
CAR CLASS — looks like a template or blueprint
object 7
OBJECT — implementation of its class
CONSTRUCTOR 8
Is a function called during the creation (instantiation)
of objects
Its name must be similar to class name that contain
it
Has no return type
If you don't define a constructor for a class, a default
parameter less constructor is automatically created
by the compiler
The default constructor calls the default parent
constructor (super()) and initializes all instance
variables to default value
CONSTRUCTOR 9
Objects are constructed in java
At least one constructor is invoked if an object
is created
Every class has its own constructor
Constructors
can't be marked static
can't be marked final or abstract(can’t overridden)
is either legal or illegal
have all of the normal access modifiers
Syntax: ClassName() {…}
EXAMPLE 10
Public class Student {
// legal constructor
Student () {} Constructor
Student (int id) {…} overloadin
Student (int id, string name) {…} g
//illegal constructor
Void Student () {} // it is method not constructor
StudentReg (int id) {…} // neither method nor constructor
Student (int id, string name); // look like an abstract
method
Static Student (int id) {…}
Final Student (int id, string name) {…} //can’t be
static, final, & abstract
abstract Student (string name) {…}
}
11
METHOD
Is a function called during setting a value to fields
or getting a value of fields and performing d/t
operation
May contain an argument or not
Represent the behavior of the object
Name is must be mixedCase if contain more than
one word
Syntax :-
Modifier return-Type method-Name (){
12
METHOD
–modifier − It defines the access type of the method and it is
optional to use.
–returnType − Method may return a value.
–nameOfMethod − This is the method name. The method
signature consists of the method name and the parameter list.
–Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and
number of parameters of a method. These are optional, method may
contain zero parameters.
13
METHOD
–Passing parameter
–Java passes arguments by value
– The arguments should be in the same order as
their respective parameters in the method
specification.
– Parameters can be passed by value or by
reference.
– Passing Parameters by Value means calling a
14
OBJECT
Is an instance of a class/type
Has a (current) state and behavior
Example :-
a dog has state (name, color, breed, hungry)
and behavior (barking, fetching, and
wagging tail).
Students have state (name, age, sex) and
behavior (eating, studying, learning)
15
CONT.…
In java, object can be created by instantiating a
class
The syntax for creating object is
ClassName reference_variable = new ClassName();
e.g. Car c = new Car();
The object creation code above does three actions at a
time. Declaration, instantiation and initialization
CONT.… 16
Declaring an object
Declaring a variable to hold an object is just like
declaring a variable to hold a value of primitive
type. Car c;
Instantiating an object
The new operator instantiate a class by
allocating memory for a new object of that type
new car ();
Initializing an object
c = new Car ();
17
CONT.…
Referencing an object fields
– Inside a class fields are accessed using their
name
– Outside of a class fields are accessed by using
the object reference, the dot(.) operator and the
name of the field
Calling an objects method
– Use an object reference, the dot(.) operator and
18
OBJECT AS UML
Class name
e.g. Student
List of fields
e.g. name, age, sex,…
List of methods
getName()
setName(“Abel”)
19
THIS KEYWORD
Within an instance method or a
constructor, this is a reference to the
current object
You can refer to any member of the current
object from within an instance method or a
constructor by using this
EXAMPLE 20
public class Point {
public int x = 0;
public int y = 0;
//constructor
public Point(int x, int
y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
}
EXAMPLE 21
The this key word is also used to height);
call constructors within the same }
class
public Rectangle(int x, int y, int
E.g. public class Rectangle { width, int height) {
this.x = x;
private int x, y;
this.y = y;
private int width, height;
[Link] = width;
public Rectangle() {
[Link] =
this(0, 0, 1, 1); height;
} }
}
public Rectangle(int
width, int height) {
this(0, 0, width,
22
INSTANCE MEMBERS
• Fields and methods public class Car{
String carName;
without static keyword
public void setName(String
• Hold Different value
name){
for different objects
carName = name;
• Depend on the object }
}
23
STATIC MEMBERS
• Is common to all the public class Car{
Static String carName;
objects
Public static void setName(String
• Accessed without using
name){
a particular object carName = name;
• Defined with static }
keyword }
24
STATIC MEMBERS
Static member can be accessed before any objects of its class are
created, and without reference to any object.
The most common example of static member is Main(). main() is
declared as static because it must be called before any objects exist.
Static variables are, essentially global variables.
Restrictions to static
– They can only call other static methods
– They must only access static data
– They can’t refer to this or super in any way
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