ENE 5180 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
ELE 354 Power System Protection
LECTUERE 4
Prof. Mahmoud El Bahy
Professor of High Voltage Engineereing
[Link]
SWITCHGEAR
SWITCHGEAR defines all equipments
used for fault clearing.
Switchgears are used in generation,
transmission and distribution systems.
Control gears are used in consumer circuits.
1- SWITCHGEAR EQUIPMENTS
SWITCHGEAR : Gear for Switching
Sensing, Control & Decision Making
Switching Devices Auxiliary Devices Devices
Circuit breakers Current and Potential Protective Relays
Isolators Transformers; Lightning
Switches Reactors, Capacitors; Arresters
Tripping Units Fuses
(Earthing switches (battery bank and
Load switches) charger )
Some Definitions
Lightning Arresters
These are placed to pass the entire lightning
surges to earth since all substation equipments
are erected outdoor.
Bus Bars
They are the conductors which carry current and
having multiple numbers of incoming and
outgoing line connections.
Isolators
It is a manually operated mechanical switch that
isolate the faulty section or the section of a
conductor or a part of a circuit of substation
meant for repair from a healthy section.
Circuit Breakers
These are used to protect the substation and its
components from the over currents or overload
due to short circuit or any other fault. It is used
to isolate the faulty section from the healthy
section either manually or automatically.
Sensing Transformers
Potential Transformer Current Transformer
Relays Capacitor Bank
2- MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR
Switchgear Classifications
Panel compartments
1 - Busbar compartment
2 - Cable compartment
3 - Switching compartment
4 - Low voltage compartment
a - Busbar Compartment
The busbar compartment houses the main busbar system, which is
connected to the fixed upper isolating contacts of the main switchgear
apparatus by means of branch connections. The main busbars are
made of high conductivity copper. Single or double busbar
configuration is used depending on the current rating.
b - Cable Compartment
The cable compartment houses some of the following components:
Branch connections, Earthing busbar, Earth switch, Power cables
Surge arrestors , Instrument transformers (CT, PT)
c - Switching Compartment
The switching compartment houses the bushing insulators containing
fixed contacts for the connection of the switching apparatus to the
busbar and cable compartment.
d - Low Voltage Compartment
The low voltage compartment provides safe isolation from any medium
voltage equipment.
a - BUSBAR COMPARTMENT
b1 - CABLE COMPARTMENT
b2 - CABLE COMPARTMENT
b3 - CABLE COMPARTMENT
b4 - CABLE COMPARTMENT
C - SWITCHING COMPARTMENT
Apparatus compartment houses one of the
switching devices – circuit breaker, switch or
disconnector. For purpose of further
description, CB will be considered as a
switching device.
C - SWITCHING COMPARTMENT
d– LOW VOLTAGE COMPARTMENT
3- STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
OF MV SWITCHGEAR
Installation specifications
1. indoor or outdoor installation
2. number of phases
3. busbar arrangement details
4. rated voltage (Ur)
5. rated frequency (fr)
6. rated insulation level (Ud, Up)
7. rated nominal current of main busbars and feeders (Ir)
8. rated short-time withstand current (Ik)
9. duration of short time withstand (tk)
10. rated peak withstand current – typically 2.5 Ik at 50 Hz (Ip)
11. protection degree for enclosure and apparatus
Switchgear selection is determined also by considering:
Electrical conditions
[Link] operating voltage (U)
[Link] operating frequency (f)
[Link] operating current (I)
[Link] circuit current levels at point of installation
[Link] busbar arrangement
Environmental conditions
[Link] temperature
[Link]
[Link] degree
[Link] or outdoor installation
Personnel safety considerations
[Link] Arc Classification (IAC)
[Link] of access areas and switchgear apparatus
[Link] method (eg tools, keys, process, etc)
[Link] switchgear apparatus
DEGREE OF PROTECTION
4-Safety Considerations
Switchgear interlocking systems Interlocking between different
switchgear apparatus and enclosure access covers and doors
enhances personnel safety, as well as improving operational
convenience. If a switching device can cause serious damage in
an incorrect position, this must also have a locking facility.
Interlocking uses electrical and mechanical methods or a
combination of both.
IEC 62271-200 states mandatory rules for switchgear
interlocking:
For metal-enclosed switchgear with removable switching
apparatus:
the switching device must be in the open position
before it can be withdrawn
the switching device can only be operated in the
service or test position
the switching device cannot be closed unless the
auxiliary control circuits required to open the switch are
connected.
Auxiliary control circuits cannot be disconnected with the
switching device closed in the service position
5- A Typical MV power distribution switchgear
arrangement with three separate interlocks
For metal-enclosed switchgear with disconnectors:
•a disconnector cannot be operated under conditions other
than those for which it is intended to be used
•a disconnector cannot be operated unless the main
switching device is open
•operation of a main switching device is prevented unless its
associated disconnector is in a positive service, test or earth
position
•disconnectors providing isolation for maintenance and
servicing must have a locking facility
• The illustration shows a common switchgear arrangement for
a medium voltage power distribution system. This switchgear
arrangement uses three separate interlocking methods.
• Typical MV power distribution switchgear arrangement with
interlocks
Interlock scheme 1: Two incomers and bus coupler interlocking
The two incomers and the bus coupler circuit breakers use a
standard "2 out of 3" interlocking system to prevent a parallel
feed from the two incomers onto a common bus. Interlocking
allows the following conditions:
[Link] two incomer circuit breakers closed (Q-1L and Q-1R )
with the bus coupler circuit breaker open (Q-BC).
2. Left incomer and bus coupler circuit breakers closed (Q-IL
and Q-BC) with right incomer circuit breaker open (Q-IR).
3. Right incomer and bus coupler circuit breakers closed (Q-IR
and Q-BC) with left incomer circuit breaker open (Q-IL).
Typically, these interlocking conditions are met using both a
mechanical and electrical interlocked .
Interlock scheme 2:
Incomer circuit breaker and earth switch interlocking
The incomer circuit breaker (Q-IL or Q-IR) and earth switch (E-
IL or E-IR) are mechanically interlocked to prevent both being
closed at the same time. The earth switch can only be closed
once the circuit breaker is open and racked-out to the test
position. The circuit breaker can only be racked-in for closing,
once the earth switch is open.
.
An additional level of interlocking is required. The incomer earth
switch cannot be mechanically operated until power is removed
from the incoming supply. This prevents closing the earth switch
onto a live supply. This interlocking is achieved in one of two
ways:
[Link] by using key access. The incomer earth switch
(E-IL or E-IR) handle operation is only accessible by using a
key, retrieved from the upstream circuit breaker when it is open
and racked-out.
2. Electrically by using a solenoid. A solenoid is energized when
the upstream circuit breaker is open and racked out, allowing
access to the incomer earth switch (E-IL or E-IR) handle
operation.
Interlock scheme 3:
Feeder circuit breaker and earth switch
interlocking
The feeder circuit breaker (Q-FL or Q-FR) and earth switch
(E-FL or E-FR) are mechanically interlocked to prevent both
being closed at the same time. The earth switch can only be
closed once the circuit breaker is open and racked-out to the
test position. The circuit breaker can only be racked-in for
closing, once the earth switch is open.
6- HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATION
Layout of HV Substation Elements
A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side
1. Primary power lines 2. Ground 3. Overhead lines
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
5. Disconnect switch 6. Circuit breaker 7. Current transformer
8. Lightning arrester 9. Main transformer 10. Control building
11. Security fence 12. Secondary power lines
Current Transformer (CT)
A device which transforms the
current on the power system
from primary values to safe
secondary values, in a ratio
proportional to the primary
value.
Current Transformer (CT) A device which transforms the current on the power
system from primary values to safe secondary values, in a ratio proportional to the primary
value.
Potential Transformer (PT)
A device which transforms the
voltage on the power system
from primary values to safe
secondary values, in a ratio
proportional to the primary
value.
Lightning Arresters Circuit Breakers
THANK YOU
For any questions feel free to contact me by mail
[Link]@[Link]
Prof. Mahmoud El Bahy
Professor of High Voltage Engineereing
