INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY(Part -1)

PRESENTATION BY :-
DR ANKITA KUMARI
JRA1
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
RIMS RANCHI
 IMMUNITY
• Term “Immunity” derived from ( Latin word
“immunitas”, means freedom from disease).

• Resistance offered by host against micro organism and

foreign bodies.
CLASSIFICATION
Continued…
INNATE IMMUNITY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Resistance to infection present right Resistance to infection acquired during
from birth. lifetime.

Response occurs in minutes. Response occurs in days.

Prior exposure to antigen not Develops following antigen exposure.
required.

Memory responses absent. Memory response present.

Develops against antigens that are Specific for each microbes.
shared by many microbes.

Host cell receptors are non specific. Host cell receptors are specific.
Components are anatomical barriers , Components are T cell, B cell, Antigen
physiological barriers ,phagocytes , presenting cells, Cytokines
natural killer cells, mast cells.
 INNATE IMMUNITY
• Innate means – In born
• Immunity means – Protection
• Resistance that an individual confers right from birth.
• Via genetic or constitutional makeup.
Continued…

• SPECIES IMMUNITY:-
 Immunity against particular microbe exhibited by all
members of given species.

 Examples:- Frogs are resistant to Bacillus anthracis

whereas toads are susceptible.
• RACIAL IMMUNITY:-
Confined to particular race may be absent in other
communities.

Examples:- Negroes of America are more susceptible

to tuberculosis than Whites.
Continued…

• INDIVIDUAL IMMUNITY:-
 Immunity against microbe confined to particular individual.
Example:- Homozygous twins exhibit similar degrees of
resistance or susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy .
Such correlation are not seen in heterozygous twins
 FACTORS AFFECTING
IMMUNITY
• AGE :-
• Certain infection are common in particular age.
 Example- Congenital infection in rubella is common in fetal life.
 Chicken pox and measles are common in children.
• HORMONE:-
Hormonal disorders as in diabetic and hypothyroid patients have
decreased immunity.
 Patient on corticosteroid are at increased risk of
developing various infections.
 Continued…
• NUTRITION:-
Malnutrition suppresses host immunity ,thereby
predisposes to various infections.
Cell mediated and humoral immune processes are
reduced.
 MECHANISM OF INNATE
IMMUNITY
• RECEPTOR INTERACTION:-
Microorganisms exposure
↓
Mediators of innate immunity recruited to site.
↓
Attachment of surface of molecules of microorganism to
receptors cells involved in innate immunity.
Continued…
• Microbial surface molecules:-
• Repeating patterns of conserved molecules common
to most microbial surfaces.
• Known as Microbes associated molecular patterns.
• Examples:- Peptidoglycan , lipopolysaccharides,
teichoic acid.
Continued…
• PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS(PRRs):-
• Molecules present on host cell surface
• Recognize MAMPs.
• Encoded by germ line genes.
• Examples –Toll like receptors
• Named as they are similar to Toll receptors
present in fruit fly.
Continued…
• 13 types of Toll like receptors are recognized.
• Binds to particular MAMPs on microbial surfaces.
• Signals generated activate transcription factors .
• Stimulate expression of genes encoding cytokines and
enzymes.
• Responsible for antimicrobial activities.
Continued…
• TLR2 – Binds to bacterial peptidoglycan.
• TLR3- Binds to dsRNA of viruses.
• TLR4- Binds to LPS of gram negative bacteria.
• TLR5- Binds to flagella of bacteria.
• TLR7 and 8- Binds to ssRNA of viruses.
• TLR9 – Binds to bacterial DNA.
 COMPONENTS OF INNATE
IMMUNITY
• Several mediators of innate immunity are present.
• Exert antimicrobial activities by various mechanisms.
• Epithelial surfaces :-
Skin-Prevents invasion of microbes.
Possess bactericidal activity.
Mucosa- Prevents microbial invasion mechanically and by
mucus production.
 Continued…
MUCOSA OF RESPIRATORY TRACT -Micro organisms are held and
swept back towards pharynx , where they are tend to be swallowed and
coughed out.

COUGH REFLEX – Acts as an defense mechanism to propel out foreign

bodies.

CILIA- Present on respiratory epithelial cells propel particles upwards.

NASAL AND RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS- Contains

mucopolysaccharides capable of combining with influenza and other
viruses.
Continued…
MOUTH- Saliva – Inhibitory effect on microorganisms.
Particles deposited in mouth gets
swallowed down where they are
subjected to action of digestive juices.
TEARS- Contains antibacterial substance lysozyme .
CONJUNCTIVA- Flushing action of lacrimal secretions
frees us of foreign particles.
GASTRIC JUICE – High acidic concentration destroys most
microorganisms.
 Continued…
TRYPSIN- Hydrolyses bacterial protein.
BILE- Interfere with bacterial cell membrane.
FATTY ACIDS- Denature bacterial proteins.
URINE- Flushing action of urine eliminates bacteria from
urethra.
SEMEN-Spermine and zinc present have antibacterial activity.
 VAGINA- Acidic status due to lactic acid kills many pathogens.
LACTOFERRIN- Binds to iron , interferes with acquisition of iron
with bacteria.
ANTIBACTREIAL SUBSTANCES IN BLOOD AND TISSUES

• COMPLEMENT SYSTEM:-
Plays an important role in destruction of pathogenic bacteria.
Alternate and mannose binding pathways are chief mediators
of immunity.
Alternate complement pathway is activated in response to
bacterial endotoxin.
Mannose binding pathway stimulated by mannose
carbohydrate residues on bacterial surface.
Continued…
• Various biological functions are mediated by complements.

Lysis of the target molecules.

Stimulate inflammation.
Stimulate acquired immunity.
 Continued…
• BETA LYSIN:- Active against anthrax and related bacilli.
• BASIC POLYPEPTIDES:- Leukins extracted from leucocytes
Plakins extracted from platelets .
• LACTIC ACID:- In muscle tissues and inflammatory zones.
• LACTOPEROXIDASE :-Present in milk , have antibacterial
properties.
• INTERFERON :- Helps against viral infections.
 CELLULAR FACTORS
• Natural defence against blood and tissue invasion by microorganism.
• Mediated by phagocytic cells
• By ingesting and destroying them.

PHAGOCYTIC CELLS :-
Discovered by Metchnikoff in 1883.
Types – Microphages – Are polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
Macrophages- Principle cells involved in phagocytosis.
Macrophages from various tissues together
called as RE system.
Continued…
• TYPES OF MACROPHAGES
IN DIFFERENT BODY SITES TERMED AS
PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONOCYTES
TISSUES MACROPHAGES
LIVER KUPFFER CELLS
BRAIN MICROGLIAL CELLS
KIDNEY MESANGIAL CELLS
LUNGS ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
PLACENTA HOFBAUER CELLS
 PHAGOCYTOSIS
• Reach site of inflammation
↓
Ingest particulate material.
↓
Phagocytosed into a vacuole to form phagosome.
↓
Combines with lysosome and form phagolysosome.
↓
Lytic enzymes act upon bacteria.
↓
Bacteria lysed.
Continued…
• NATURAL KILLER CELLS :-
• Large granular lymphocytes.
• Constitutes 10-15% of peripheral blood lymphocytes.
• NK cells are cytotoxic , act as first line of defense.
• Do not require prior antigen contact.
• Acts against virus infected cells and tumor cells.
• Act via perforins and granzymes.
Continued…
• MAST CELLS:-
Present in epithelial lining the respiratory tract and other mucosa.
↓
Activated by microbial products binding to TLR
↓
By IgE antibody dependent mechanism
↓
Release cytoplasmic granules.
↓
Initiate inflammation and release proteolytic enzymes .
↓
Results in killing of bacteria.
 Continued…
• INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE:-
• Inflammation is defined as biological response of vascular tissues to harmful
stimulus.
• Vasodilation due to release of vasoactive substances from damaged tissues.
↓
Leakage of plasma proteins through blood vessels.
↓
Recruitment of phagocytes to site of inflammation.
↓
Margination of phagocytes occurs.
↓
Continued…
• ↓
Rolling on endothelium occurs.
↓
Extravasation of phagocytic cells takes place.
↓
Chemotactic migration to inflammation site occurs.
↓
Engulfment of microbes and dead material by phagocytes occurs.
↓
Destruction of microbes.
Continued…
• ACUTE PHASE REACTANT PROTEINS :-
Proteins synthesized by liver.
POSITIVE APRs NEGATIVE APRs
Level increase during Level decrease during
inflammation. inflammation.
Egs- Serum amyloid A Albumin
C- Reactive protein Transferrin
Complement proteins Antithrombin
Continued…
• ROLE OF APRs:-
• APRs have antimicrobial and anti inflammatory activities.
• Metal binding proteins chelate various metals.
• Making them unavailable for bacteria.
Continued…