POLYMERS
Lesson objectives
Review Addition polymerisation using
alkenes.
Describe a condensation polymer?
Explain what types of molecules react to
form condensation polymers?
Some definitions
Polyme
r
long chain molecule made from lots of small
molecules joined together
Monome
r
small molecules that join together to make
polymers
POLYMERS
Addition Condensatio
polymers n polymers
Some definitions
Addition Polymerisation
formation of long chain molecules from lots of
small molecules joining together with no
other products
Condensation
Polymerisation
formation of long chain molecules from lots of
small molecules joining together with another
small molecule (e.g. water) produced as well
ADDITION
POLYMERS
H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H H
C C
H H n
H H H H
n C C C C
H H H H n
ethene poly(ethene)
polythene
poly(ethene)
polythene
H H H H H H
C C C C C C
H H H H n H H n
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H CH3
C C
H H n
H CH3 H CH3
n C C C C
n
H H H H
propene poly(propene)
Polypropene
Poly(propene)
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
C C C C C C
n n
H H H H H H
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C6H5
C C
H H n
H C6H5 H C6H5
n C C C C
H H H H n
phenylethene poly(phenylethene)
polystyrene
Polystyrene
Poly(phenylethene)
polystyrene
H C6H5 H C6H5 H C6H5
C C C C C C
H H H H n H H n
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl H Cl
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
H Cl
C C
H H n
H Cl H Cl
n C C C C
n
H H H H
chloroethene poly(chloroethene)
PVC
PVC
Poly(chloroethene)
PVC
H Cl H Cl H Cl
C C C C C C
n n
H H H H H H
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
F F F F F F F F F F F F
C C C C C C C C C C C C
F F F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F F F
C C C C C C C C C C C C
F F F F F F F F F F F F
F F
C C
F F n
F F F F
n C C C C
n
F F F F
tetrafluoroethene poly(tetrafluoroethene)
PTFE / Teflon
PTFE / Teflon
Poly(tetrafluoroethene)
Teflon
F F F F F F
C C C C C C
n n
F F F F F F
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN H CN
H COOCH3
C C
H CN n
H COOCH3 H COOCH3
n C C C C
n
H CN H CN
methyl 2-cyanopropenoate poly(methyl 2-cyanopropenoate)
superglue
superglue
poly(methyl 2-cyanopropenoate)
superglue
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C
n n
H CN H CN H CN
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
H COOCH3
C C
H CH3 n
H COOCH3 H COOCH3
n C C C C
n
H CH3 H CH3
methyl 2-propenoate poly(methyl 2-propenoate )
perspex
perspex
poly(methyl 2-propenoate )
Perspex
H COOCH3 H COOCH3 H COOCH3
C C C C C C
n n
H CH3 H CH3 H CH3
monomer polymer repeating
structure structure unit
CONDENSATION
POLYMERS
Some definitions
Addition Polymerisation
formation of long chain molecules from lots of
small molecules joining together with no
other products
Condensation
Polymerisation
formation of long chain molecules from lots of
small molecules joining together with another
small molecule (e.g. water) produced as well
POLYAMIDES
dicarboxylic acid diamine
O O
H O C C O H H N N H
H H
–H2O
O O
HO C C N N H
H H
Dicarboxylic acid + diamine Polyamides
O O O O
H O C C O H H N N H H O C C O H H N N H
H H H H
–H2O
O O O O
C C N N C C N N
H H H H
O O O O
C C N N C C N N
H H H H
n
repeating unit polymer structure
Polyamides
e.g. nylon-6,6
1,6-diaminohexane H 2N C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H 2 NH 2
O O
hexane-1,6-dioic
acid HO C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C OH
O O
repeating unit
C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C HN C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH
O O
C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C HN C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 NH
polymer structure
n
e.g. nylon
Hydrogen bonds
between chains
From Wikipedia
Polyamides
e.g. Kevlar
1,4-diaminobenzene H 2N NH2
O O
benzene-1,4-
dicarboxylic acid HO C C OH
O O
repeating unit
C C HN NH
O O
polymer structure
C C HN NH
n
e.g. Kevlar
Amino acids Polyamides
POLYMER
MONOMER
O
O
HN CH C
H 2N CH C OH
H
H repeating unit
contains both acid O
+ amine group
HN CH C
H n
polymer structure
POLYESTERS
dicarboxylic acid diol
O O
H O C C O H H O O H
–H2O
O O
HO C C O OH
Dicarboxylic acid + diol
Polyesters
O O – H2O O O
H O C C O H H O O H H O C C O H H O O H
–H2O
O O O O
C C O O C C O O
O O O O
C C O O C C O O
n
repeating unit polymer structure
Polyesters
e.g. terylene (PET)
ethane-1,2-diol
HO C H2 C H2 OH
O O
benzene-1,4-
dicarboxylic acid HO C C OH
O O
repeating unit
C C O C H2 C H2 O
O O
polymer structure
C C O C H2 C H2 O
n
e.g. terylene
(PET)
Disposal issues
Hydrolysis
Nylon
Practical
• Students will each get a
pot labelled TOP &
Bottom with 1.5ml of each
solution in. They need to
pipette the solutions into
the beaker in the correct
order.
• The Nylon is created at
the interface where the 2
immiscible liquids meet.
• The video demonstrates
how to extract the Nylon.
