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Lect 9

The document discusses shear strain, which describes the deformation of a material under shearing stresses, resulting in changes to angles between faces of a cubic element. It also covers stress concentration, highlighting how discontinuities in structural members can lead to localized high stresses, and emphasizes the importance of geometric ratios in determining stress concentration factors. The document notes that these factors are crucial for engineers to assess maximum stress in critical sections of materials.

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Maniall khan
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18 views12 pages

Lect 9

The document discusses shear strain, which describes the deformation of a material under shearing stresses, resulting in changes to angles between faces of a cubic element. It also covers stress concentration, highlighting how discontinuities in structural members can lead to localized high stresses, and emphasizes the importance of geometric ratios in determining stress concentration factors. The document notes that these factors are crucial for engineers to assess maximum stress in critical sections of materials.

Uploaded by

Maniall khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Shear strain

For normal stresses and normal strains in a homogeneous isotropic material, we


assumed that no shearing stresses were involved.

The shearing stresses, however, tend to deform a cubic element of material


into an oblique parallelepiped.
The cube is observed to deform into a rhomboid of sides equal to one.
Two of the angles formed by the four faces under stress are reduced from π/ 2 to
π /2 − γxy, while the other two are increased from π /2 to π /2 + γxy.

The small angle γxy (expressed in radians) reflects the deformation of the cube
into a rhomboid and defines the shearing strain corresponding to the x and y
directions.

When the deformation involves a reduction of the angle formed by the two faces
oriented toward the positive x and y axes, the shearing strain γxy is positive;
otherwise, it is negative

Normal strain Length of the sides of the cube increase/decrease.


Shear strain the angles of the correspondent sides increase/decrease
+ve value when angle between x -ve value when angle between x
Shear strain: Intensity of and y axis decreases in deformed and y axis increase in deformed
change in the angle of object object
element

Shear strain is unitless but since it’s a very small value therefore we denote it in
radian as we denote normal strains in Micro-strains
G is called the modulus of
rigidity or shear modulus
of the material
STRESS CONCENTRATION
• When a structural member contains a discontinuity, such as a hole or
a sudden change in cross section, high localized stresses can occur.

A= (d)(t)
A= (D-2r)t
d= D-2r
t=thickness
D=width
R=radius

Stress distribution near circular hole in Stress distribution near fillets in flat
flat bar under axial loading. bar under axial loading.
7
STRESS CONCENTRATION
• Fortunately for the engineer, these results are independent of the size of
the member and of the material used; they depend only upon the ratios of
the geometric parameters involved (i.e., the ratio 2r∕D for a circular hole,
and the ratios r∕d and D∕d for fillets).
• The designer is more interested in the maximum value of the stress in a
given section than the actual distribution of stresses.

• This ratio is the stress-concentration factor of the discontinuity and relates


the maximum stress to the average stress in the critical section. 8
STRESS CONCENTRATION
• Stress concentration factors can be computed in terms of the ratios
of the geometric parameters involved, and the results can be
expressed in tables or graphs.

Note that this procedure is valid only as long as σmax does not exceed the proportional limit of the
material.
9

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