Fourth Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

7 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
Transformations of
Stress and Strain
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

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Transformations of Stress and Strain

Introduction
Transformation of Plane Stress
Principal Stresses
Maximum Shearing Stress
Example 7.01
Sample Problem 7.1
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Example 7.02
Sample Problem 7.2
General State of Stress
Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-Dimensional Analysis of Stress
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

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Introduction
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy  yx ,  yz  zy ,  zx  xz )

• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.

• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

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Transformation of Plane Stress

• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x’ axes.
 Fx 0  xA   x A cos cos   xy A cos sin 
  y A sin  sin    xy A sin  cos
 Fy  0  xy A   x A cos sin    xy A cos cos
  y A sin  cos   xy A sin  sin 

• The equations may be rewritten to yield

 x  y  x   y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x   y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2

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Principal Stresses
• The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,
 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y x   y  2
 ave  R      xy
2  2 

• Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
2
 x  y x   y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
2 xy
tan 2 p 
x  y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

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Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for  x  ave

2
x   y  2
 max  R      xy
 2 
x  y
tan 2 s 
2 xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from  p by 45o
 x  y
   ave 
2

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Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy
tan 2 p 
x  y
• Determine the principal stresses from
2
 x  y x   y  2
 max,min       xy
For the state of plane stress shown, 2  2 
determine (a) the principal planes, • Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the 2
maximum shearing stress and the   x   y  2
 max      xy
corresponding normal stress.  2 
 x  y

 
2

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Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy 2 40 
tan 2 p   1.333
 x   y 50   10
2 p 53.1 , 233.1
 p 26.6 , 116 .6
 x 50 MPa  xy 40 MPa
 x  10 MPa • Determine the principal stresses from
2
 x  y x   y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
20  302  402
 max 70 MPa
 min  30 MPa

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Example 7.01
• Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
2
x   y  2
 max      xy
 2 
 30 2  40 2

 max 50 MPa

 x 50 MPa  xy 40 MPa  s  p  45
 x  10 MPa  s  18.4 , 71.6

• The corresponding normal stress is

 x   y 50  10
   ave  
2 2
  20 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
• Evaluate the normal and shearing
stresses at H.
• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.

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Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P 150 lb
T 150 lb 18 in  2.7 kip in
M x 150 lb 10 in  1.5 kip in

• Evaluate the normal and shearing

stresses at H.
 y 
Mc

1.5 kip in 0.6 in 
I 1  0.6 in 4
4

 xy 
Tc

2.7 kip in 0.6 in 
J 1  0.6 in 4
2

 x 0  y 8.84 ksi  y 7.96 ksi

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Sample Problem 7.1

• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2 xy 27.96 
tan 2 p    1.8
 x   y 0  8.84
2 p  61.0 ,119
 p  30.5 , 59.5

2
 x  y x   y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
2
0  8.84  0  8.84  2
     7.96 
2  2 

 max 13.52 ksi

 min  4.68 ksi

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Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With the physical significance of Mohr’s
circle for plane stress established, it may be
applied with simple geometric considerations.
Critical values are estimated graphically or
calculated.
• For a known state of plane stress  x , y , xy
plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
 x  y x   y  2
 ave  R      xy
2  2 

• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max,min  ave R
2 xy
tan 2 p 
x  y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.
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Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.

• For the state of stress at an angle  with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.

• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.

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Example 7.02

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohr’s circle, determine
(b) the principal planes, (c) the SOLUTION:
principal stresses, (d) the maximum • Construction of Mohr’s circle
shearing stress and the corresponding  x   y 50    10 
normal stress.  ave   20 MPa
2 2
CF 50  20 30 MPa FX 40 MPa
R CX  30 2  40 2 50 MPa

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Example 7.02
• Principal planes and stresses
 max OA OC  CA 20  50
 max 70 MPa
 min OB OC  BC 20  50
 min  30 MPa

FX 40
tan 2 p  
CP 30
2 p 53.1
 p 26.6

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Example 7.02

• Maximum shear stress

 s  p  45  max R    ave

 s 71.6  max 50 MPa   20 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.2

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise • Construct Mohr’s circle
through 30 degrees.  x   y 100  60
 ave   80 MPa
2 2
R  CF 2  FX 2  20 2  482 52 MPa

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Sample Problem 7.2

• Principal planes and stresses

XF 48  max OA OC  CA  max OA OC  BC
tan 2 p   2.4
CF 20 80  52 80  52
2 p 67.4
 max 132 MPa  min 28 MPa
 p 33.7 clockwise

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Sample Problem 7.2

 180  60  67.4 52.6

• Stress components after rotation by 30o
 x OK OC  KC 80  52 cos 52.6
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that  y OL OC  CL 80  52 cos 52.6
correspond to stress components on the
 xy KX  52 sin 52.6
rotated element are obtained by
2 60
rotating XY counterclockwise through  x 48.4 MPa
 y 111 .6 MPa
 xy 41.3 MPa

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General State of Stress

• Consider the general 3D state of stress at a point and
the transformation of stress from element rotation

• State of stress at Q defined by:  x , y , z , xy , yz , zx

• Consider tetrahedron with face perpendicular to the

line QN with direction cosines: x ,  y , z

• The requirement  Fn 0 leads to,

 n  x 2x   y 2y   z 2z
 2 xy x  y  2 yz  y z  2 zx z x

• Form of equation guarantees that an element

orientation can be found such that
 n  a 2a   bb2   c c2
These are the principal axes and principal planes
and the normal stresses are the principal stresses.

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Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

Dimensional Analysis of Stress

• Transformation of stress for an element • The three circles represent the

rotated around a principal axis may be normal and shearing stresses for
represented by Mohr’s circle. rotation around each principal axis.
• Points A, B, and C represent the • Radius of the largest circle yields the
principal stresses on the principal maximum shearing stress.
planes (shearing stress is zero) 1
 max   max   min
2
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Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

Dimensional Analysis of Stress
• In the case of plane stress, the axis
perpendicular to the plane of stress is a
principal axis (shearing stress equal zero).
• If the points A and B (representing the
principal planes) are on opposite sides of
the origin, then
a) the corresponding principal stresses
are the maximum and minimum
normal stresses for the element
b) the maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to the maximum “in-
plane” shearing stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress
are at 45o to the principal planes.

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Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-

Dimensional Analysis of Stress
• If A and B are on the same side of the
origin (i.e., have the same sign), then

a) the circle defining maxminand

max for the element is not the circle
corresponding to transformations
within the plane of stress
b) maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to half of the
maximum stress

c) planes of maximum shearing stress are

at 45 degrees to the plane of stress

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For the state of plane stress shown,

determine the maximum shearing
stress when (a) σx =14 ksi and σy =
4 ksi
(Hint: Consider both in-plane and
out-of-plane shearing stresses.)

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Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

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Thin-walled = Radius/Thickness > 10

Thick-Walled=Radius/Thickness ≤ 10

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Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

• Cylindrical vessel with principal stresses
1 = hoop stress
2 = longitudinal stress

• Hoop stress:
 Fz 0  12t x   p2r x 
pr
1 
t

• Longitudinal stress:
 
 Fx 0  2 2 rt   p  r
2

pr
2 
2t
 1 2 2

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Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

• Points A and B correspond to hoop stress, 1,
and longitudinal stress, 2

• Maximum in-plane shearing stress:

1 pr
 max(in  plane)   2 
2 4t

• Maximum out-of-plane shearing stress

corresponds to a 45o rotation of the plane
stress element around a longitudinal axis
pr
 max  2 
2t

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Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

• Spherical pressure vessel:

pr
 1  2 
2t

• Mohr’s circle for in-plane

transformations reduces to a point
  1  2 constant
 max(in -plane) 0

• Maximum out-of-plane shearing

stress
pr
 max  12  1 
4t

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The unpressurized cylindrical storage

tank shown has a 5-mm wall
thickness and is made of steel having
a 400-MPa ultimate strength in
tension. Determine the maximum
height h to which it can be filled with
water if a factor of safety of 4.0 is
desired. (Density of water 1000
kg/m3 .)

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The unpressurized cylindrical storage

tank shown has a 5-mm wall
thickness and is made of steel having
a 400-MPa ultimate strength in
tension. Determine the maximum
height h to which it can be filled with
water if a factor of safety of 4.0 is
desired. (Density of water 1000
kg/m3 .)

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A spherical pressure vessel has an outer

diameter of 3 m and a wall thickness of
12 mm. Knowing that for the steel used
σall 80 MPa, E 200 GPa, and ѵ 0.29,
determine (a) the allowable gage
pressure, (b) the corresponding increase
in the diameter of the vessel.

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A spherical pressure vessel has an

outer diameter of 3 m and a wall
thickness of 12 mm. Knowing that
for the steel used σall 80 MPa, E 200
GPa, and ѵ 0.29, determine (a) the
allowable gage pressure, (b) the
corresponding increase in the
diameter of the vessel.

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