PNEUMONIA

Old man’s friend

Captain of men of death

PREPARED BY
ANAGHA N K
8TH SEMESTER
 PNEUMONIA
An acute respiratory lung infection

Pneumonia is a serious lung infection that causes

inflammation in the air sacs or alveoli, of one or both lungs.

The air sacs can fill with fluid or pus, causing symptoms that
vary from mild to severe.

It makes it difficult to breathe and can cause a fever and

cough with yellow, green or bloody mucus.

It can affect one or both lungs. Pneumonia in both of your

lungs is called bilateral or double pneumonia
 EPIDEMIOLOGY

Approximately over 450 million people are affected a

year and occurring in all parts of the world.(7% of
population )
It is a major cause of death among all age groups,
resulting in 4 million death each year.

The 4th leading cause of death in the world

 CAUSATIVE ORGANISM

They get into

air when an
infected
Bacteria Virus Fungi Parasite person
coughs or
sneezes
 BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Infection of lung parenchyma by bacteria 🦠

• CAUSATIVE AGENTS
1. Lobar – section • Streptococcus pneumoniae: most common cause of
of lobe/ complete community acquired pneumonia
lobe / lobe of • Mycoplasma pneumoniae: particularly in younger patients
either one or both
lungs are infected • Klebsiella pneumoniae
by bacteria • Haemophilus influenzae (pulmonary Haemophilus
influenzae infection)

2. Lobular / • The acute inflammation of the bronchi, accompanied by

bronchopneu
inflamed patches in the nearby lobules of the lungs
monia
 VIRAL PNEUMONIA
Irregular inflammation mainly in interstitial tissue

Coronaviruses,
those that Respiratory
cause COVID- syncytial virus,
19, Middle East Adenoviruses, Varicella-zoster which is most
respiratory which cause virus, which serious in young
Influenza A, B, Parainfluenza
syndrome bronchitis and causes children but can
and C viruses virus
(MERS), severe some common chickenpox and cause cold-like
acute colds shingles symptoms in
respiratory people of all
syndrome ages
(SARS)

Causative organism
 FUNGAL PNEUMONIA
Result from breathing of fungal spores

Histoplasmosis Pneumocystis
: pneumonia
This is caused by (PCP): Valley fever:
the fungus Pneumocystis
jirovecii is a fungus This is caused by the
Histoplasma,
in your lungs. PCP fungus Coccidioides,
commonly found in
happens if P. which lives in soil in
the Central and
Jirovecii grows out the Southwestern
Eastern United
of control, typically United States.
States. The fungus
lives in bat or bird in people with weak
droppings and soil immune systems
 4. ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA:
occurs upon accidental inhalation of food, liquid, saliva, or vomit into lungs

Antibiotics help treat

aspiration pneumonia.
Some people require a
People with aspiration ventilator to help them
pneumonia may have bad breathe normally. Others
breath and trouble may need a feeding tube
Non contagious , Factors swallowing if they have trouble
that increase the risk of swallowing
aspiration pneumonia
include:
1.Being hospitalized
2.Coma
3.General anaesthesia
4.Heavy alcohol , drug use
5.Old age
6.Trouble swallowing
 5. Hospital-Acquired
Pneumonia
Hospital-acquired pneumonia develops during hospital
stays, typically in people who are on a ventilator

Healthcare providers sometimes spread bacteria, fungi, or

viruses to people from their clothes, equipment, or hands

People using a ventilator are often already sick, so

pneumonia typically causes severe symptoms.

People with hospital-acquired pneumonia may have low

blood pressure and a rapid heart rate

Treatment may include IV antibiotics if the cause of

pneumonia is bacteria
 6.Community-Acquired
Pneumonia
• Bacterial, viral, and walking pneumonia are types of illnesses that you
might acquire in community.
• Community-acquired pneumonia is someone living their normal life,
who gets sick and is diagnosed with pneumonia
• They can be treated safely with rest at home and antibiotics.
 7. Chemical Pneumonia
• People typically acquire chemical pneumonia from breathing in fumes
from certain chemicals at home or in the workplace
• Chemicals that cause pneumonia include:
• Chlorine gas (i.e., from chlorine bleach for swimming pools)
• Grain and fertilizer dust
• Noxious fumes (i.e., from pesticides)
• Smoke (i.e., from house fires and wildfires)

• Corticosteroids help reduce inflammation

 WALKING PNEUMONIA
an infection affecting the lower respiratory tract.
 Also called ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA
 Three specific infectious bacteria cause the majority of atypical pneumonia cases:
•Mycoplasma pneumoniae
•Chlamydophila pneumoniae
•Legionella pneumophila
 Cases of atypical pneumonia do not usually require hospitalization, and a person with it is unlikely to
be significantly ill. This is why it is often called walking pneumonia.
 Many people with atypical pneumonia can function normally and do most of their everyday tasks
with little difficulty.
 SYMPTOMS: a persistent cough, flu-like symptoms, fever, chill, or cold sweat, a sore, dry, or itchy
throat, a persistent headache, weakness, chest pain when breathing deeply, aches and pains in the
muscles and joints
HOST FACTOR :
• Age more than 50 years
• Immunosuppresive therapy
• Bacterimia

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
• Exposure to dust, fumes, chemicals

OTHER FACTORS
• Smoking or alcohol
• Malnutrition
• Pre existing lung disease
• COPD
 Age (i.e., children younger
than 2 and adults older than
65 are more likely to develop
pneumonia than others)

Alcohol use disorder (AUD)

Chemical, pollutant, and toxic

fume exposure

Lung disease

Malnourishment

Recent viral infection (i.e., a

Risk Factors

cold or the flu)

Smoking
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Inhaling respiratory droplets
When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, they release
respiratory droplets into the air that can be inhaled by close
contacts.
Touching contaminated objects
Touching an object or surface that has the germ on it and then
touching your nose or mouth can also spread pneumonia.

Direct contact
Pneumonia can spread through direct contact with an infected
person.

Blood
Pneumonia can spread through blood, especially during and
shortly after birth.
Environment
Some causes of pneumonia can come from the environment
and can be spread in dust or other fine particles (e.g., water
vapor)
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Pain types: can be sharp in the chest
Whole body: fever, chills, dehydration, fatigue, loss of appetite, malaise, clammy skin,
or sweating
• Respiratory: fast breathing, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, or wheezing
• Cough, which may produce greenish, yellow or even bloody mucus
• Fever, sweating and shaking chills
• Shortness of breath, Rapid, shallow breathing
• Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough
• Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue
• Nausea and vomiting, especially in small children
• Confusion, especially in old
 DIAGNOSIS

Sputum test:
Pulse Pleural fluid Arterial blood Bronchoscopy
Imaging: Blood tests : cough is spit
oximetry: culture: use a gas test: take use a thin,
use a blood into a
use chest X-ray or thin needle to a blood lighted tube
test to help container to A sensor
CT scan to take take a sample sample from called a
determine lab to measures the
pictures of your of fluid from wrist, arm or bronchoscope
what kind of examine. The amount of
lungs to look for around lungs. groin to to look at the
infection is lab look for oxygen in your
signs of infection. The sample is measure inside of
causing signs of any blood to give sent to a lab oxygen levels lungs. They
pneumonia. infection and an idea of to help in blood to may also take
try to how well your determine know how tissue or fluid
determine lungs are what’s causing well lungs are samples to be
what’s causing working. the infection. working. tested in a lab.
it.
 TREATMENT
Treatment for pneumonia depends on the cause — bacterial viral fungal and how
serious the case is

Antibiotics: Antibiotics treat bacterial pneumonia. They can’t treat a virus but a
provider may prescribe them if you have a bacterial infection eg azithromycin
Antifungal medications: Antifungals can treat pneumonia caused by a fungal
infection. Eg fluconazole
Antiviral medications: Viral pneumonia usually isn’t treated with medication and
can go away on its own. A provider may prescribe antivirals such as oseltamivir
Oxygen therapy: If you’re not getting enough oxygen, a provider may give you
extra oxygen through a tube in your nose or a mask on your face.
IV fluids: Fluids delivered directly to your vein (IV) treat or prevent dehydration

Draining of fluids: If you have a lot of fluid between your lungs and chest wall
(pleural effusion), a provider may drain it. This is done with a catheter or surgery.
 MANAGEMENT

Pain relievers and fever reducers: Ibuprofen (Advil) and acetaminophen (Tylenol) to
help with body aches and fever.

Cough suppressants: Check with your healthcare provider before taking cough
suppressants for pneumonia. Coughing is important to help clear your lungs

Breathing treatments and exercises: These treatments help loosen mucus and help
you to breathe.

Using a humidifier: Your provider may recommend keeping a small humidifier

running by your bed or taking a steamy shower or bath to make it easier to breathe
 PREVENTION
1. Get vaccinated
Children younger than 5 or adults above 65 should get vaccinated against
pneumococcal pneumonia , a common form of bacterial pneumonia.
1. PCVI3 (Prevnar 13)
For people 65 or older
Kid under 5
People with risk of bacterial pneumonia

2. PP5V23 (Pneumovax)
Develop in age between 19 and 65
People with habit of smoking , suffer
from asthma
2.Quit smoking 3.Wash your 4. Maintain a
hands healthy lifestyle
Smoking damages Eat a healthy diet, get
your lung’s ability to regular physical
Wash your hands activity, and take
fight off infection. frequently, especially
Quitting smoking will good care of medical
after coughing or conditions (like
help the lungs blowing your nose,
become stronger and asthma, diabetes, or
going to the heart disease)
better able to fight bathroom, diapering,
infection. and before eating or
preparing foods.