Power Generators
Carbohydrates and Lipids
Objectives
• Define carbohydrates and lipids
• Determine and differentiate the
types of carbohydrates and lipids
• Name the elements that make up
carbohydrates and lipids
• Explain the general role of
carbohydrates and lipids in the body
• Increase consciousness about one’s
diet
• Draw a flow chart that could explain
why carbohydrates and lipids are
considered as power generators.
Carbohydrates
– are the most abundant class of
organic compounds found in living
things.
– act as storehouses of chemical
energy.
– are the components of supportive
structures in plants, crustacean shells
and connective tissues in animals.
– are essential components of nucleic
acids.
– contain the elements carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
– they have an H:C:O ratio of 2:1:1
– include sugars, starches, cellulose and
many other compounds.
– they are either formed from or
decomposed into other carbohydrate
forms through the physiologic
process in plants and animals.
*About 65% of the foods in our diet
consist of carbohydrates
*carbohydrates – glucose – energy
Classification of Carbohydrates
• Simple Sugars
– Monosaccharides
– Disaccharides
•Complex sugars
– Starch
– Glycogen
–Cellulose
Classifications of Carbohydrates
(by the book)
– Monosaccharides
– Disaccharides
– Polysaccharides
Function of Carbohydrates in Cells
• Major source of energy for the cell
• Major structural component of plant cell
• Immediate energy in the form of glucose
• Reserve/stored energy in the form of
glycogen
Monosaccharides
– are the simplest sugars and cannot be
hydrolyzed further into smaller units.
– contain a single carbon chain and are
classified on the basis of number of
carbon atoms and depending upon
their groups.
– are non-essential nutrients.
Classification by Carbon Atoms
• Triose (3)
• Tetroses (4)
• Pentoses (5)
• Hexoses (6)
– glucose
– galactose
– fructose
Classification by Groups
• Aldose
– glucose
– galactose
• Ketose
– fructose
Examples of Foods that contain
Monosaccharides
• Fruits and fruit juices (glucose, fructose)
• Honey (glucose, fructose)
• Candies (glucose)
• Syrups: corn, agave nectar, blackstrap
molasses (fructose)
• Sweet wines ( glucose, fructose)
• Soft drinks, sports/energy drinks,
chocolates, sweetened dairy
products, desserts (glucose)
Glucose
– is a simple sugar with the molecular
formula C6H12O6
– circulates in the blood of animals
as blood sugar.
– it is made during photosynthesis from
water and carbon dioxide, using energy
from sunlight.
– It is the most important source of
energy for cellular respiration.
– is stored as a polymer, in plants
as starch and in animals as glycogen.
– a component of each disaccharides.
– main energy source for all body
functioning.
Glucose Projections
Haworth Chair Fischer
Fructose
– is also known as fruit sugar.
– is the sweetest among all sugars.
– is a simple ketonic monosaccharide
found in many plants.
– are absorbed directly into blood
during digestion.
– participates in metabolism.
Disaccharides
– are those sugars which yield two
molecules of the same or different
molecules of monosaccharide.
– general formula: Cn(H2O)n-1
– the two monosaccharide are bonded
are bonded through dehydration
reaction (also called as condensation
reaction) and formation of glycosidic
bond.
Types of Disaccharides
• Reducing
– one monosaccharide (the reducing
sugar) still has a free hemiacetal unit.
– example: Maltose and Lactose
• Non-reducing
– neither monosaccharide has a free
hemiacetal unit.
– example: Sucrose
*Hemiacetal or hemaketal is a
compound that results from the addition of
an alcohol to an aldehyde or a ketone,
respectively.
*Reducing Sugar are carbohydrates that
contain an aldehyde group which can be
oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
*All monosaccharide are reducing
sugars.
Important Disaccharides
• Maltose
– also known as Malt Sugar
– glucose + glucose
• Lactose
– also known as Milk Sugar
– glucose + galactose
• Sucrose
– also known as Table Sugar
Polysaccharides
– are simply known as glycans or
polymers
– are composed of a long chain of
monosaccharide units.
– are linear and branched polymers.
– can be homopolysacchrides and
heteropolysaccharides.
Examples of Polysaccharides
• Starch
– primary form of polysaccharide stored in
plants.
• Glycogen
– primary form of polysaccharide found in
animals and fungi.
•Cellulose
– major structural component of
plant cell walls.
Lipids
– comes from the Greek word lipos which
means fat or lard.
– are a heterogeneous class of naturally
occurring organic substances.
– are produced by the human body and can
also be obtained from our diet.
– are found in dairy and poultry products,
grains, meats, baked goods and oils.
– are insoluble in water but highly soluble
in nonpolar solvents like ether,
chloroform, benzene and acetone.
– have high percentage of C and H.
– molecular formula: C34H66NO12P
*Lipids play a major role in many
important functions of the body. To ensure
normal bodily functions, men need at least
3% essential fat while women require
at least 12%.
The reason for this difference is that
women at some point in their lives may
nourish a fetus and then a baby from their
own reserves, so women have to stock
energy in the form of fat in anticipation of
future pregnancies
Primary Functions
• source of energy
• energy storage
• cell membrane component
• protection and insulation
• digestion and absorption
*It is important to note that all healthy
people have fat reserves necessary for the
proper functioning of their bodies. Obsession
or the need to follow deviant aesthetic
fashions should not lead to the complete
elimination of fat. In fact, the almost complete
disappearance of fat can lead to serious
hormonal problems involving the cessation of
the period (amenorrhea, which is a temporary
absence of ovulation and therefore
momentary sterility).
Examples of Lipids
• phospholipids
• steroids
• triglycerides
• waxes
• fatty acids
– saturated and unsaturated
• cholesterol
– LDL (bad) and HDL (good)
Classification of Lipds
• Simple
– steroids and cholesterol
• Complex
– triglycerides, phospholipids and waxes
