SHER-E-KASHMIR

UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
AND TECHNOLOGY-JAMMU
Prepared by:
Suhaib Wani (J-24-Agri-87)
Vidushi Sharma (J-24-Agri-89)
Submitted to:
Dr.P.S.Slathia
Dr.J.S.Manhas
BASIC CONDITIONS OF LEARNING AND
APPROACHES TO LEARNING…
Conditions of learning, by Robert M. Gagné, was originally
published in 1965 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston and describes
eight kinds of learning and nine events of instruction. This theory
of learning involved two steps. The theory stipulates that there
are several different types or levels of learning. The significance
of these classifications is that each different type requires
different types of instruction. Gagné identifies five major
categories of learning: verbal information, intellectual skills,
cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes. different internal
and external conditions are necessary for each type of learning.
For example, for cognitive strategies to be learned, there must be
a chance to practice developing new solutions to problems; to
learn attitudes, the learner must be exposed to a credible role
model or persuasive arguments.
 …NINE EVENTS OF
INSTRUCTION…

1. Gaining Attention
Purpose:To capture learners' attention and interest.
Example: Begin a lesson on climate change with a striking
image or a thought-provoking question, such as "What
would happen if sea levels rise by 10 feet?“
2. Informing Learners of Objectives
Purpose:To clearly communicate the learning objectives and
outcomes.
Example: "By the end of this lesson, you will be able to explain
the causes and effects of climate change and identify three ways
to reduce your carbon footprint.
3. Stimulating Recall of Prior Knowledge
Purpose: To activate learners' prior knowledge and experiences.
Example: Ask learners to share their experiences with extreme
weather events or discuss what they've learned about climate
change in the past.
4. Presenting New Information
Purpose: To introduce new information, concepts, or skills.
Example: Provide a lecture on the science behind climate change,
including the greenhouse effect and the role of human activities.
5. Providing Learning Guidance
Purpose: To guide learners as they process new information.
Example: Provide a diagram illustrating the carbon cycle
6. Eliciting Performance
Purpose: To provide learners with opportunities to practice and apply
new skills or knowledge.
Example: Ask learners to complete a quiz on climate change causes
and effects or work in groups to develop a plan to reduce their
school's carbon footprint.
7. Providing Feedback
Purpose: To provide learners with timely and constructive feedback.
Example: Provide written feedback on learners' quizzes or projects,
highlighting areas of strength and weakness.
8. Assessing the Performance
Purpose: To evaluate learners' performance and understanding.
Example: Administer a final test on climate change or have learners
complete a project that demonstrates their understanding of the
topic.
9. Enhancing Retention and Transfer
Purpose: To help learners retain and apply new skills or knowledge
in different contexts.
Example: Encourage learners to reflect on what they've learned and
how they can apply it in their daily lives or provide opportunities for
spaced practice, such as regular quizzes or review activities.
 APPROACHES TO
LEARNING…
The term "approaches to
learning" was introduced
by F. Marton and R.
Saljo in 1976, and they
identified two main
approaches: surface and
deep learning.
1. Behaviorist Approach
Focuses on observable behaviors and measurable outcomes.
Examples: drill and practice, behavior modification.
2. Cognitivist Approach
Focuses on mental processes, such as perception, attention, and
memory.
Examples: inquiry-based learning, problem-based learning.
3. Constructivist Approach
Focuses on learners constructing their own knowledge and meaning.
Examples: project-based learning, hands-on learning.
4. Humanist Approach
Focuses on personal growth, self-actualization, and emotional
intelligence.
Examples: self-directed learning, humanistic education.
5. Social Constructivist Approach
Focuses on the social construction of knowledge and meaning.
Examples: collaborative learning, peer-to-peer learning.
6. Experiential Learning Approach
Focuses on learning through direct experience and reflection.
Examples: internships, service-learning, experiential education.
7. Situated Learning Approach
Focuses on learning in context, rather than in isolation.
Emphasizes authentic learning experiences and real-world
applications.
Examples: apprenticeships, on-the-job training, situated cognition.
8. Self-Directed Learning Approach
Focuses on learners taking responsibility for their own learning.
Examples: online learning, independent study, self-directed
learning.
 CONCLUSION...
The basic conditions of learning, including motivation, clear
objectives, prior knowledge, active participation, practice and
reinforcement, feedback, meaningful context, and opportunities for
reflection, provide a foundation for learning. The approaches to
learning, such as behaviorist, cognitivist, constructivist, humanist,
social constructivist, experiential, situated, self-directed,
collaborative, and inquiry-based learning, offer diverse perspectives
on how learners acquire knowledge and skills. By considering these
conditions and approaches, educators can design learning
experiences that cater to different learning styles, promote
engagement, and foster a deeper understanding of the subject
matter. Ultimately, effective learning experiences can lead to
improved learning outcomes, increased learner satisfaction, and a
lifelong love of learning.
 OBJECTIVES…
1. The __________ approach to learning focuses on observable
behaviors and measurable outcomes.
2. Learners' prior knowledge and experiences serve as a
foundation for new learning, which is a key aspect of the
__________ condition of learning.
3. The __________ approach to learning emphasizes hands-on
activities, experimentation, and exploration.
4. Providing learners with __________ feedback is essential for
guiding their learning and correcting mistakes.
5. The __________ condition of learning highlights the importance
of learners having clear, specific, and achievable goals.
6. The __________ approach to learning focuses on personal growth,
self-actualization, and emotional intelligence.
7. __________ is a key aspect of the experiential learning approach,
where learners reflect on their experiences to gain new insights.
8. The __________ condition of learning emphasizes the importance
of learners actively engaging with the learning material.
9. The __________ approach to learning emphasizes collaboration,
discussion, and shared understanding.
10. __________ is a key strategy used in the self-directed learning
approach, where learners take responsibility for their own learning .
 ANSWERS…
1. BEHAVIORIST
2. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
3. CONSTRUCTIVIST
4. TIMELY
5. CLEAR OBJECTIVES
6. HUMANIST
7. REFLECTION
8. ACTIVE PARTICIPATION
9. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST
10. AUTONOMY