‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

Introduction
Welcome to AI

Artificial Intelligence
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 Instructor
• Engr. Ali Moalim Osman
• HSC in Jabir Binu Hayan, Mogadishu-Somalia
• [Link] in Software Engineering, SUST, Khartoum-Sudan
• [Link] in Computer Science and Engineering, DIU, Dhaka-
Bangladesh
• Software Engineer at [Link]
• Researcher : Ph.D in Database Systems

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 Course Contents
• This course covers
– Basics of AI and its applications
– Knowledge Representation Methods
– Expert systems
– Searching Methods
– Selected topics in AI.

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 Grading

20%
Assignment
and Quiz

Grading
policies 30%
50%
final midterm
exam
exam

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 Learning Outcomes
• Upon successful completion of this course, the
student will be able to:
– Describe the major applications, topics, and research areas
of artificial intelligence (AI), including search, machine
learning, knowledge representation and inference, natural
language processing, vision, and robotics.
– Use various symbolic knowledge representation to specify
domains and reasoning tasks.
– Apply basic techniques of AI in computational solutions to
problems.
– Discuss the role of AI research areas in growing the
understanding of human intelligence.
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 Class Rules
• First, be a listener in order to understand
everything,
• If you’re in the class, be in the class.
• Today's class is the next class
• 10 Marks are not gift
• Once out

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 Lecture Contents
• What is AL?
• History of AI
• Types of AI
• Fundamental Concepts of AI
• Applications of AI
• Summary

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 Introduction
• In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are
getting in touch with different new technologies day by day.
• One of the booming technologies of computer science is
Artificial Intelligence which is ready to create a new revolution
in the world by making intelligent machines.
• The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently
working with a variety of subfields, ranging from general to
specific, such as self-driving cars, playing chess, proving
theorems, playing music, Painting, Siri, Alexa and other smart
assistants, Conversational bots, Email spam filters, Netflix's
recommendations..etc.
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 Introduction
• Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking power."
• Therefore, we can define AI as:
• AI is the branch of computer science by which we can create
intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think like
humans, and able to make decisions.

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 How AI Works?
• Computers making decisions in real-world
problems.
3. Apply

1. Formulate 2. Solve

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 How Machine Learning Works?

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 What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence:
– “the capacity to learn and solve problems” (Webster's
dictionary)
– In particular,
• the ability to solve novel problems
• the ability to act rationally
• the ability to act like humans
• Artificial Intelligence
– Build and understand intelligent entities or agents
– 2 Main Approaches: “Engineering” versus “Cognitive
modeling”

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What is Artificial Intelligence?
(John McCarthy, Stanford University)

• What is artificial intelligence?

– It is the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs.
– It is related to the similar task of using computers
to understand human intelligence.
• 1956: "Artificial Intelligence“ name adopted
• but what is intelligence?
– Intelligence is the computational part of the
ability to achieve goals in the world.
• Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in
people, many animals and some machines.
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 AI Levels
• Narrow AI: A artificial intelligence is said to be narrow when
the machine can perform a specific task better than a human.
The current research of AI is here now.
– Siri by Apple, Alexa by Amazon, and Rankbrain by Google.
• General AI: An artificial intelligence reaches the general state
when it can perform any intellectual task with the same
accuracy level as a human would.
• Strong AI: An AI is strong when it can beat humans in many
tasks
– where artificial intelligence exceeds human capabilities and operates
at a genius level.

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 What’s involved in Intelligence?
Ability to interact with the real world
• to perceive, understand, and act
• e.g., speech, image

Reasoning and Planning

• solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
• ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties

Learning and Adaptation

• we are continuously learning and adapting
• e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals

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 Why Artificial Intelligence?
• Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:
– With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
– With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant,
such as Google Assistant, Siri, Alexa, Cortana, etc.
– With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where the survival of humans can be at risk.
– AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities
– Business and Data Security

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 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
• To understand the principles that make intelligence possible.
• To make computers more powerful and valuable.
• To develop practical, powerful applications.
• Building a machine that can perform tasks that requires human
intelligence such as :
– New and improved interfaces
– Replicate human intelligence
– Solving novel problems
– Better handling of information
– Relieves information overload
– Conversion of information into knowledge

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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors
and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making,
because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such
as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the
products as per customer requirement.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-
driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for
security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in
human-language, etc.

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 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it
requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still
they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they
are trained, or programmed.
• No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still
it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment
with human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not
taken.
• Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are
getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental
capabilities.
• No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas
but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be
creative and imaginative.

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 Can Computers beat Humans at Chess?
• Chess Playing is a classic AI problem
– Well-defined problem
– Very complex: difficult for humans to play well

• Conclusion:
– YES: today’s computers can beat even the best human
• Since the last century
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 Can Computers Talk?
• This is known as “speech synthesis”
– Translate text to phonetic form
• e.g., “fictitious” -> fik-tish-es
• Difficulties
– Sounds made by this “lookup” approach sound unnatural
– sounds are not independent
• e.g., “act” and “action”
– A harder problem is emphasis, emotion, etc
• Humans understand what they are saying
• Machines don’t: so they sound unnatural
• Conclusion:
– NO, for complete sentences
– YES, for individual words

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Can Computers Recognize Speech?
• Speech Recognition:
– Mapping sounds from a microphone into a list of words
– Classic problem in AI, very difficult
• Recognizing single words from a small vocabulary
• Systems can do this with high accuracy (order of 99%)
– Recognizing normal speech is much more difficult
• Background noise, other speakers, accents, colds, etc
• On normal speech, modern systems are only about 60-70% accurate

• Conclusion:
– NO, normal speech is too complex to accurately recognize
– YES, for restricted problems (small vocabulary, single speaker)
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 Can Computers Understand speech?
• Understanding is different to recognition:
– “Time flies like an arrow”
• Assume the computer can recognize all the words
• How many different interpretations are there?
– 1. time passes quickly like an arrow?
– 2. command: time the flies the way an arrow times the flies
– 3. command: only time those flies which are like an arrow
– 4. “time-flies” are fond of arrows
• Only 1. makes any sense,
– but how could a computer figure this out?
– clearly humans use a lot of implicit commonsense knowledge in
communication

• Conclusion: NO, much of what we say is beyond the capabilities of

a computer to understand at present
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 Can Computers Learn and Adapt ?
• Learning and Adaptation
– Consider a computer learning to drive on the freeway
– We could teach it lots of rules about what to do
– Or we could let it drive and steer it back on course when it heads for
the embankment
– Machine learning allows computers to learn to do things without
explicit programming
– Many successful applications:
• Requires some “set-up”: does not mean your PC can learn to forecast the
stock market or become a brain surgeon

• Conclusion:
– YES, computers can learn and adapt, when presented with information
in the appropriate way

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 Robot soccer Pilotless aircraft

Driverless cars

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 Can Computers “see”?
• Recognition v. Understanding (like Speech)
– Recognition and Understanding of Objects in a scene
• Look around this room
• You can effortlessly recognize objects
• Human brain can map 2d visual image to 3d “map”
• Why is visual recognition a hard problem?

Conclusion:
– Mostly NO: computers can only “see” certain types of objects under limited
circumstances
– YES for certain constrained problems (e.g., face recognition)

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Can computers plan and make optimal decisions?
– Solving problems and making decisions and plans
• e.g., you want to take a holiday in Somalia Regions
– you need to decide on dates, flights
– you need to get to the airport, etc
– involves a sequence of decisions, plans, and actions
• What makes planning hard?
– The world is not predictable: your flight is canceled or there’s a backup
– There are a potentially huge number of details
• Do you consider all flights? all dates?
– no: commonsense constraints your solutions
• Conclusion:
– NO, real-world planning and decision-making is still beyond the capabilities of
modern computers
– Exception: very well-defined, constrained problems

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 Application of AI
• Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is
becoming essential for today's time because it can solve complex
problems with an efficient way in multiple industries, such as:
– AI in Astronomy
– AI in Healthcare
– AI in Gaming
– AI in Finance
– AI in Data Security
– AI in Social Media
– AI in Travel & Transport
– AI in Automotive Industry.
– AI in Robotics
– AI in Entertainment
– AI in Agriculture
– AI in E-commerce
– AI in education

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 Intelligent Systems in Your Everyday Life

• Post Office
– automatic address recognition and sorting of mail
• Banks
– automatic check readers, signature verification systems
– automated loan application classification
• Telephone Companies
– automatic voice recognition for directory inquiries
• Credit Card Companies
– automated fraud detection
• Computer Companies
– automated diagnosis for help-desk applications
• Netflix: movie recommendation
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 AI Applications: Identification Technologies

• ID cards
– e.g., ATM cards
– Can be a nuisance and security risk:
• cards can be lost, stolen, passwords forgotten, etc
• Biometric Identification
– Walk up to a locked door
• camera
• fingerprint device
• microphone
– computer uses your biometric signature for identification
• face, eyes, fingerprints, voice pattern
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 AI-Applications: Machine Translation
• Language problems in international business
• e.g., at a meeting of Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and Swedish investors, no
common language
• solution; hire translators to translate
• would be much cheaper if a machine could do this!
• How hard is automated translation
– very difficult!
– e.g., English to Russian
– “The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak” (English)
– “the vodka is good but the meat is rotten” (Russian)
– not only must the words be translated, but their meaning also!
• Nonetheless....
– commercial systems can do a lot of the work very well (e.g. Restricted
vocabularies in software documentation)
– algorithms which combine dictionaries, grammar models, etc.

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 Application of AI
• AI in Healthcare:
• AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on
this industry.
• Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a
better and faster diagnosis than humans.
• AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform
when patients are worsening so that medical help
can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

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 Application of AI
• AI in Social Media:
• Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and
Snapchat contain billions of user profiles, which need
to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.
• AI can organize and manage massive amounts of
data.
• AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest
trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

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 Application of AI
• AI in E-commerce:
• AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce
industry, and it is becoming more demanding in the
e-commerce business.
• AI is helping shoppers to discover associated
products with recommended size, color, or even
brand.

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 Application of AI
• AI in education:
• AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have
more time to teach. AI chatbot can communicate
with students as a teaching assistant.
• AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual
tutor for students, which will be accessible easily at
any time and any place.

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 Application of AI
• Online and telephone customer service:
• An automated online assistant providing customer
service on a web page.
• Artificial intelligence is implemented in automated
online assistants that can be seen as avatars on web
pages.
• It can avail for enterprises to reduce their operation
and training cost. A major underlying technology to
such systems is natural language processing

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 Application of AI
• Heavy industry:
• Robots have become common in many industries.
They are often given jobs that are considered
dangerous to humans.
• Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very
repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents
due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs which
humans may find degrading.
• Japan is the leader in using and producing robots in
the world.
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 Application of AI
• Various tools of artificial intelligence are also being
widely deployed in homeland security, speech and
text recognition, data mining, and e-mail spam
filtering.

SPAM

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 Small

Big

Ambler CMU
1000 Kg, 4m tall

UC Berkeley

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 General Electric, 1969

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 Application of AI
• Xenobot:
• Xenobots have been designed to walk, swim ..etc.
• Component: frog cell
• Founded in 2020

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 ChatGPT
• In chat GPT term “GPT” stands for “Generative Pre-
trained Transformer.” It is a type of machine learning
model developed by OpenAI.
• We train the model using a large dataset of text to
generate natural-sounding text. The model can be
fine-tuned for various language tasks.
• For example language translation, text
summarization, and question answering.

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 Big Picture of AI

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 Academic Disciplines relevant to AI
• Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system,
Philosophy foundations of learning, language, rationality.
• Formal representation and proof, algorithms,
Mathematics computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability
Probability/Statistics • modeling uncertainty, learning from data

Economics • utility, decision theory, rational economic agents

Neuroscience • neurons as information processing units.

• how do people behave, perceive, process cognitive
Psychology/Cognitive Science information, represent knowledge.

Computer engineering • building fast computers

• design systems that maximize an objective function over
Control theory time
Linguistics • knowledge representation, grammars

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 Course Syllabus
• Lect1: What is AI? ... Road map
• Lect2: AI, Machine Learning ,Deep Learning and Agent in AI
• Lect3: Knowledge Representation
• Lect4: Knowledge Representation
• Lect5: Knowledge Representation
• Lect6: Expert System
• Lect7: Solving Problems by Searching
• Lect8: Solving Problems by Searching
• Lect9: Solving Problems by Searching
• Lect10: Solving Problems by Searching
• Lect11: Deep Learning and Machine Learning
• Lect12: Subsets of Artificial Intelligence
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 References

Stuart J. Russell.
Peter Norvig.
Artificial Intelligence,
A Modern Approach, Global Edition-Pearson

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 Summary
• AI is a very fascinating field.
• It can help us solve difficult, real-world problems,
creating new opportunities in business, engineering,
and many other application areas.
• Even though AI technology is integrated into the fabric
of everyday life.
• Applications of AI refers to problem solving, search
and control strategies, speech recognition, natural
language understanding, computer vision, expert
systems, etc
• The ultimate promises of AI are still decades away and
the necessary advances in knowledge and technology
will require a sustained fundamental research effort.
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 • Thank you!

• Comments!

• Questions?

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