Basic Introduction to C#
Why C# ?
Builds on COM+ experience Native support for
Namespaces Versioning Attribute-driven development
Power of C with ease of Microsoft Visual Basic Minimal learning curve for everybody Much cleaner than C++ More structured than Visual Basic More powerful than Java
A component oriented language
The first component oriented language in the C/C++ family
C# The Big Ideas
In OOP a component is: A reusable program that can be combined with other components in the same system to form an application. Example: a single button in a graphical user interface, a small interest calculator They can be deployed on different servers and communicate with each other No header files, IDL, etc. Can be embedded in web pages
Enables one-stop programming
C# Overview
Object oriented Everything belongs to a class
no global scope
Complete C# program:
using System; namespace ConsoleTest { class Class1 { static void Main(string[] args) { } } }
C# Program Structure
Namespaces
Contain types and other namespaces Classes, structs, interfaces, enums, and delegates
Type declarations
Members
Constants, fields, methods, properties, indexers, events, operators, constructors, destructors
No header files, code written in-line No declaration order dependence
Organization
Simple Types
Integer Types
byte, sbyte (8bit), short, ushort (16bit) int, uint (32bit), long, ulong (64bit)
IEEE Floating Point Types
float (precision of 7 digits) double (precision of 1516 digits)
Exact Numeric Type Character Types
decimal (28 significant digits)
char (single character) string (rich functionality, by-reference type)
Boolean Type
bool (distinct type, not interchangeable with int)
Arrays
Zero based, type bound Built on .NET System.Array class Declared with type and shape, but no bounds
int [ ] SingleDim; int [ , ] TwoDim; int [ ][ ] Jagged;
Created using new with bounds or initializers
SingleDim = new int[20]; TwoDim = new int[,]{{1,2,3},{4,5,6}}; Jagged = new int[1][ ]; Jagged[0] = new int[ ]{1,2,3};
Statements and Comments
Case sensitive (myVar != MyVar) Statement delimiter is semicolon Block delimiter is curly brackets Single line comment is Block comment is
Save block comments for debugging!
; { } // /* */
Data
All data types derived from
System.Object
Declarations:
datatype varname; datatype varname = initvalue;
C# does not automatically initialize local variables (but will warn you)!
Value Data Types
Directly contain their data:
int long bool char float string (numbers) (really big numbers) (true or false) (unicode characters) (7-digit floating point numbers) (multiple characters together)
Data Manipulation
= assignment + addition subtraction * multiplication / division % modulus ++ increment by one -decrement by one
strings
Immutable sequence of Unicode characters (char) Creation:
string s = Bob; string s = new String(Bob); Newline: \n Tab: \t
Backslash is an escape:
string/int conversions
string to numbers:
int i = int.Parse(12345); float f = float.Parse(123.45);
Numbers to strings:
string msg = Your number is + 123; string msg = It costs + string.Format({0:C}, 1.23);
String Example
using System; namespace ConsoleTest { class Class1 { static void Main(string[ ] args) { int myInt; string myStr = "2"; bool myCondition = true; Console.WriteLine("Before: myStr = " + myStr); myInt = int.Parse(myStr); myInt++; myStr = String.Format("{0}", myInt); Console.WriteLine("After: myStr = " + myStr); while(myCondition) ; } } }
Arrays
(page 21 of quickstart handout) Derived from System.Array Use square brackets [] Zero-based Static size Initialization:
int [ ] nums; int [ ] nums = new int[3]; // 3 items int [ ] nums = new int[ ] {10, 20, 30};
Arrays Continued
Use Length for # of items in array:
nums.Length
Static Array methods:
Sort System.Array.Sort(myArray); Reverse System.Array.Reverse(myArray); IndexOf LastIndexOf Int myLength = myArray.Length; System.Array.IndexOf(myArray, K, 0, myLength)
Arrays Final
Multidimensional
// 3 rows, 2 columns int [ , ] myMultiIntArray = new int[3,2] for(int r=0; r<3; r++) { myMultiIntArray[r][0] = 0; myMultiIntArray[r][1] = 0; }
Conditional Operators
== equals != not equals < less than <= less than or equal > greater than >= greater than or equal
&& ||
and or
If, Case Statements
if (expression) { statements; } else if { statements; } else { statements; }
switch (i) { case 1:
break; case 2: break; default: break;
statements;
statements;
statements;
Loops
for (initialize-statement; condition; increment-statement); {
statements;
}
while (condition) { statements; } Note: can include break and continue statements
Classes, Members and Methods
Everything is encapsulated in a class Can have:
member data member methods
Class clsName { modifier dataType varName; modifier returnType methodName (params) { statements; return returnVal; } }
Class Constructors
Automatically called when an object is instantiated:
public className(parameters) {
statements;
Hello World
namespace Sample { using System; public class HelloWorld { public HelloWorld() { } Constructor
public static int Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Hello World!"); return 0; } } }
Another Example
using System; namespace ConsoleTest { public class Class1 { public string FirstName = "Kay"; public string LastName = "Connelly"; public string GetWholeName() { return FirstName + " " + LastName; } static void Main(string[] args) { Class1 myClassInstance = new Class1(); Console.WriteLine("Name: " + myClassInstance.GetWholeName()); while(true) ; } } }
Hello World Anatomy
Contained in its own namespace References other namespaces with "using" Declares a publicly accessible application class Entry point is "static int Main( ... )" Writes "Hello World!" to the system console
Uses static method WriteLine on System.Console
Summary
C# builds on the .NET Framework component model New language with familiar structure
Easy to adopt for developers of C, C++, Java, and Visual Basic applications
Fully object oriented Optimized for the .NET Framework
ASP .Net and C#
Easily combined and ready to be used in WebPages. Powerful Fast Most of the works are done without getting stuck in low level programming and driver fixing and
Questions?
