UNIT I

Colloidal dispersion:
•Colloidal dispersion:
•Colloidal dispersion is defined as these
heterogeneous system containing
dispersed phase particle size is 1 nm to
0.5 micrometer.
•Particle of one substance are distributed
or dispersed ,in another substance
without dissolving

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The particle size of dispersed phase ranges from 1 nm to 0.5µm.

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Classification of Dispersed System
• Dispersed system are of three types on the basis of particle size
of dispersed phase :
1. Molecular dispersion ( less than 1 nm)
2. Colloidal dispersion ( 1 nm-500 nm)
3. Coarse dispersion ( greater than 500 nm

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1.Molecular Dispersion:
• It is homogenous system which contain dispersed phase particle size less
than 1 nm.
• Invisible n electron microscope.
• Particle pass through filter paper and semipermeable membrane.
• E.g: oxygen,glucose

2. Colloidal dispersion:
• It is heterogenous system which contain dispersed phase particle size is 1nm –
500 nm.
• Can not visible in ordinary microscope but visible in electron microscope.
• Particle pass through filter paper but do not pass semipermeable membrane
• E.g: jelly ,milk

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3.Coarse dispersion:
- It is heterogeneous system which contain dispersed phase
particle size greater than 500 nm.
-Visible in ordinary microscope .
-Do not pass through filter paper and semi permeable
membrane.
-e.g: emulsion ,suspension

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Comparison Charecteristics of dispersed system

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• Size And shape of colloidal particle
• 1. Particle Size :
• According to particle size , they are of three types;
• a.Molecular dispersion ( less than 1 nm)
• b. Colloidal dispersion ( 1nm to 0.5µm)
• c. Coarse dispersion ( greater than 0.5µm)
• Particle size influence the colour of colloidal dispersion
because wavelength of light absorbed by particle.
• E.g : Gold ( Colloidal dispersion) - red colour
Gold ( Coarse dispersion ) – blue colour

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2.Particle Shape
• The shape of particles in dispersion is depend on
method of preparation and what type of interaction
between particle with dispersion medium.
• Shape also influence the color of dispersion.
• Colloidal particle exist in different shapes
like;cubical ,spherical,disc,thread,cylindrical.
• E.g; spherical particle of gold in dispersion medium –
red colour
Disc particle of gold in dispersion medium – blue
colour
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Classification of colloids:
• 1.Based on dispersion medium used:
Dispersed phase Dispersed medium Common name Example

solid solid Solid solution Colored

gemstone,coloured glass
solid Liquid Solution Paint, starch solution

solid Gas solid Aerosol Smoke,dust

Liquid solid Gel gellies.chesse

Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk,cod liver oil

Liquid Gas Liquid aerosol Liquid sprays

Gas solid Solid foam Expanded plastics

Gas Liquid foam Whipped cream

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2.Based on interaction between colloidal phase:
• There are three types:
A. Lyophilic Colloids (Lyo=solvent , phillic=loving)
• Also called solvent loving colloid.
• These are those solution ,in which the dispersed phase has
great attraction for the dispersion medium.
• Types
• Hydrophillic Lipophillic
When dispersion medium is water When dispersion medium is oil
E.g : acasia,gelatin in water E.g: rubber ,polystyrene in non-
aqueous solution like benzene

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• These are thermodynamically stable ( Hight satbility)
• Viscosity of these solution generally increase on addition of
dispersed phase.

B. Lyophobic Colloids (lyo=solvent, phobic= hating):

• Also called solvent hating colloids.
• In which the dispersed phase has very less interaction for the
dispersion medium.
• They are thermodynamically unstable ( low stability)
• Viscosity of these solution does not increase on addition of
dispersed phase.
• When dispersion medium is water is called hydrophobic colloid.
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• E.g: gold,silver in water.

C. Association Colloid:
• It is also called as amphiphilic colloids.
• Molecules/ion has both polar and non polar group.
• These amphiphiles called as surfactant.
• They exist separately at low concentration.

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-They are thermodynamically stable.
-Viscosity increase with addition of amphiphiles

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Comparison of properties of colloidal solution:

Property Lyophilic Lyophobic Association

Size of particle small large small

Stability More stable Less stable Medium stable

Dispersed phase Mostly organic Largely inorganic Aggregation of surface

molecule particle active agent
Viscosity Viscosity increases as Viscosity not greatly Viscosity increase as
conc increases increase micelle conc increase
preparation easy Special methods Depends on
required aggregation of particle

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Properties of colloids:
• There are 3 types:
a) Optical properties
b) Kinetic properties
c) Electrical properties

A)Optical properties:
• These properties helps to known about size ,shape,structure
and molecular weight of colloids .
• These are following:
1. Tyndall effects (light scattering)

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2. Ultramicroscopy
3.Electron microscopy

1. Tyndall effect ( light scattering):

• When beam of light is passed through a colloidal
solution(dispersion) kept in dark,the path of beam get
illuminated with blue colour.
• The Tyndall effect was discovered by Irish physicist john tyndall
in 1869.
• This phenomenon is known as Tyndall effect and the path is
known as Tyndall cone.

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- The Tyndall effect is due to the scattering of light by colloidal
particles.

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• E.g : milk
• True ( homogenous) solution does not show
this,because they have small particle size.
• Heterogenous colloidal dispersion shows:
I. Lyophobic – show more visibility
II. Lyophillic – show less visibility

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2. Ultra microscopy:
When a intense light beam is pass through the solution (Colloidal
dispersion) against a dark spot which can be observed and counted.

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• 3. Electron microscope:
• It give actual picture of the colloidal particle.
• High energy electron beam are passed ,it is used to observe the
size ,shape and structure of colloidal particle.
• Useful in lyophilic colloid.

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THANK YOU
27-01-2025

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