ENDOCRINE

SYSTEM
Presented by:
Sanchez, Falsado, Tagustos, Dizon,
Garcia
 Agenda

01 02 03
Introduction Hormones Classification
of Hormones

04 05 06
Properties of Hormone Endocrine
Hormones Functions Glands
 Agenda

07 08 09
Hypothalamus Pituitary Glands Thyroid
Glands

10 11 12
Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas
Glands Glands
Agenda

13 14
Gonads Pineal Gland
Endocrine
System
Endocrine System
A system that is compose of several
organs and glands that work as a
network.
Endocrine System
A system that is compose of several
organs and glands that work as a
network.

It regulates various bodily functions

through releasing HORMONES.
Endocrinology
What is Endocrinology?

A branch of physiology that deals with

the study of the Endocrine system.
HORMONES
HORMONES
• Chemical Messenger that the Endocrine
System uses to send messages to the
organs and tissues.
HORMONES
• Chemical Messenger that the Endocrine
System uses to send messages to the
organs and tissues.
• Coordinates different bodily functions.
 PROPERTIES OF HORMONES

• Cause a limited reaction and

does not effect the metabolic
activity of a cell.
 PROPERTIES OF HORMONES

• Cause a limited reaction and

does not effect the metabolic
activity of a cell.

• Always act in low

concentration.
 PROPERTIES OF HORMONES

• Cause a limited reaction and

does not effect the metabolic
activity of a cell.

• Always act in low

concentration.

• They are non-antigenic, an

organic catalysts.
 PROPERTIES OF HORMONES

• Cause a limited reaction and • They are readily destroyed, excre

does not effect the metabolic inactivated.
activity of a cell.

• Always act in low

concentration.

• They are non-antigenic, an

organic catalysts.
 PROPERTIES OF HORMONES

• Cause a limited reaction and • They are readily destroyed, excre

does not effect the metabolic inactivated.
activity of a cell.
• They are transported through the
• Always act in low bloodstream.
concentration.

• They are non-antigenic, an

organic catalysts.
CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
STEROID
HORMONES
CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
STEROID
HORMONES

These hormones are derived from

cholesterol and include hormones such as
cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, and
testosterone.

They are soluble in fat and can pass

through cell membranes to bind to receptor
proteins in the cell's nucleus, directly
influencing gene expression.
CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN
HORMONES
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN
HORMONES

These hormones are made up of chains of

amino acids. Examples include insulin,
glucagon, and oxytocin.

They bind to receptors on the surface of

target cells, triggering intracellular signaling
pathways that lead to specific
cellular responses.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN
HORMONES

These hormones are made up of chains of

amino acids. Examples include insulin,
glucagon, and oxytocin.

They bind to receptors on the surface of

target cells, triggering intracellular signaling
pathways that lead to specific
cellular responses.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN
AMINE HORMONES
HORMONES

These hormones are made up of chains of

amino acids. Examples include insulin,
glucagon, growth hormone, and oxytocin.

They bind to receptors on the surface of

target cells, triggering intracellular signaling
pathways that lead to specific
cellular responses.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
HORMONES
PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN
AMINE HORMONES
HORMONES

These hormones are made up of chains of

These hormones are derived from the
amino acids. Examples include insulin,
amino acid tyrosine.
glucagon, growth hormone, and oxytocin.

Examples include thyroid hormones

They bind to receptors on the surface of
(produced by the thyroid gland) and
target cells, triggering intracellular signaling
dopamine (produced by the hypothalamus
pathways that lead to specific
and involved in various brain functions).
cellular responses.
FUNCTIONS OF
HORMONES
FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
HORMONES ARE ESSENTIAL FOR
NORMAL GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT.
FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

REPRODUCTION AND
SEXUAL FUNCTION
HORMONES PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE
IN REGULATING REPRODUCTIVE
PROCESSES IN BOTH MALES AND
FEMALES.
FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

REGULATION OF FLUID
AND ELECTROLYTE
BALANCE
HORMONES SUCH AS
ALDOSTERONE AND ANTIDIURETIC
HORMONE (ADH) HELP REGULATE
FLUID BALANCE IN THE BODY.
FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

REGULATION OF
METABOLISM
INSULIN, GLUCAGON, AND THYROID
HORMONES HELP REGULATE THE
BODY'S METABOLISM.
FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

REGULATION OF
BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS

INSULIN AND GLUCAGON,

PRODUCED BY THE PANCREAS,
WORK TOGETHER TO REGULATE
BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS.
FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

MOOD AND EMOTION

REGULATION

HORMONES CAN ALSO INFLUENCE

OUR MOOD AND EMOTIONS.
 FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

CALCIUM AND BONE

METABOLISM:

HORMONES SUCH AS PARATHYROID

HORMONE (PTH) AND CALCITONIN
REGULATE THE LEVELS OF CALCIUM
IN THE BLOOD AND PLAY A CRUCIAL
ROLE IN BONE METABOLISM.
FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES

STRESS
RESPONSE
WHEN THE BODY IS UNDER STRESS,
THE ADRENAL GLANDS RELEASE
CORTISOL, WHICH IS KNOWN AS
THE STRESS HORMONE
ENDOCRINE
GLANDS
Endocrine Glands

• Produce and release different

hormones that target specific things in
the body.
Endocrine Glands

• Produce and release different

hormones that target specific things in
the body.

• You have glands all over your body,

including in your neck, brain and
reproductive organs.
HYPOTHALAMUS
Hypothalamus
• A structure deep within your brain. It’s the
main link between your endocrine system
and your nervous system.
Hypothalamus
• A structure deep within your brain. It’s the
main link between your endocrine system
and your nervous system.

• Receives chemical messages from nerve

cells in your brain and from nerve cells in
your body
Hypothalamus
• A structure deep within your brain. It’s the
main link between your endocrine system
and your nervous system.

• Receives chemical messages from nerve

cells in your brain and from nerve cells in
your body

• React to these messages to keep your

body in a stable state or internal balance.
Hypothalamus
• Makes some hormones itself that are
stored in your posterior pituitary.
Hypothalamus
• Makes some hormones itself that are
stored in your posterior pituitary.

• Sends signals to your pituitary gland,

which either releases hormones that
directly affect a part of your body or sends
another signal to a different gland in your
body that then releases its hormone.
PITUITARY
GLANDS
Pituitary Gland
• Pituitary gland sits just below your
hypothalamus.
Pituitary Gland
• Pituitary gland sits just below your
hypothalamus.
• It consists of two lobes, called the
anterior pituitary and posterior
pituitary.
Pituitary Gland
• Pituitary gland sits just below your
hypothalamus.
• It consists of two lobes, called the
anterior pituitary and posterior
pituitary.
• Your hypothalamus is connected to
and communicates with your anterior
lobe through a network of blood
vessels.
Pituitary Gland
• Pituitary gland sits just below your
hypothalamus.
• It consists of two lobes, called the
anterior pituitary and posterior
pituitary.
• Your hypothalamus is connected to
and communicates with your anterior
lobe through a network of blood
vessels.
• It communicates with your posterior
lobe by tissue called the pituitary
stalk.
 PITUITARY GLAND

Posterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary

• Back lobe of your • Front lobe of your
pituitary gland pituitary gland
• Stores and releases just two • Creates and releases over six
of the many hormones your different hormones:
pituitary gland is responsible ⚬ Adrenocorticotropic
for: hormone
⚬ Oxytocin, and ⚬ Follicle-stimulating
⚬ Antidiuretic hormone hormone
⚬ Luteinizing hormone
⚬ Growth hormone
⚬ Prolactin
⚬ Thyroid-stimulating
hormone
 Hormones Function

Assists in the birthing process and in lactation, also plays a part

Oxytocin
in ejaculation.

Helps regulate the water balance in your body through th

Antidiuretic hormone
kidney.

Adrenocorticotropic Stimulates your adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other

hormone hormones.

Follicle-stimulating Stimulates the testes to produce sperm and the ovaries to

hormone produce eggs.
 Hormones Function

Stimulates ovulation in women and testosterone production in

Luteinizing hormone
men.

Stimulates growth, and helps maintain healthy muscles and

Growth hormone
bones.

Stimulates breast milk production, and affects fertility and

Prolactin
sexual function.

Thyroid-stimulating Stimulates your thyroid to produce hormones that manage

hormone metabolism.
THYROID
GLAND
Thyroid Gland • All vertebrates have
thyroid gland
Thyroid Gland • All vertebrates have
thyroid gland
• Extremely vascular
Thyroid Gland • All vertebrates have
thyroid gland
• Extremely vascular

• bilobar endocrine gland

Thyroid Gland • All vertebrates have
thyroid gland
• Extremely vascular

• bilobar endocrine gland

• Situated in the neck

just in front of the
windpipe or trachea
Thyroid Gland • All vertebrates have
thyroid gland
• Extremely vascular

• bilobar endocrine gland

• Situated in the neck

just in front of the
windpipe or trachea

• Mammals: usually bilobed and located caudal to the larynx,

adjacent to the lateral surface of the trachea
 Thyroid Gland

• Ruminants, Horses: two lobes are connected by fibrous isthmus

 Thyroid Gland

Dogs and Cats: connecting isthmus is indistinct; ectopic or accessory

thyroid tissue; located anywhere from the larynx to the diaphragm
HORMONE SECRETING CELLS OF THYROID

Follicular Cells Parafollicular Cells

• found within the basal lamina of

• take up necessary amino acid the thyroid follicles in the
precursors and iodine at its interfollicular space (single or
basolateral surface group)

• subtype of neuroendocrine
• produce thyroid hormones

• produce thyrocalcitonin
(calcitonin) hormone
Follicular Epithelium

• thin fibrous capsule

• filled with a homogeneous,

eosinophilic, protein-rich fluid
called colloid
COLLOID
• semi-solid substance

• active appears solid

• inactive appears relatively small

• Thyroglobulin: iodine rich inactive

form of thyroid hormones
The Thyroid Hormone
• its inactive form is Thyroglobulin

• triiodothyronine (T3) and

thyroxine (T4)

• fat, protein, and carbohydrate

metabolism as well as the
development of central nervous
system and general growth
THYROID HORMONE
BIOSYNTHESIS
REGULATION OF
THYROID
HORMONE
SECRETION
 PRIMARY THYROID DISORDER

Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

• Elevated functioning of the thyroid • may also be due to intrinsic anomaly

gland due to internal anomaly of the of the gland
organ • Downregulation of the thyroid
• thyrotoxicosis hormone synthesis
• increase size of the heart; increased • Cause: congenital anomaly, iatrogenic
gut motility; lack of concentration, insult; iodine deficiency, autoimmune
insomnia, hyperactivity, or anxiety; reaction
heat intolerance; increased appetite • simple nodular or multinodular goiters:
but have lost weight enlargement of the thyroid gland due
to iodine
PARATHYROID
GLAND
Parathyroid Gland
• embedded in the posterior
wall of the thyroid gland.

• there are 2 pairs of

parathyroid glands, one pair
on the right and one pair on
the left located on the
posterior aspect of the
thyroid gland .

• it secrete parathyroid
hormone that maintain a high
level calcium in the
bloodstream.
PARATHYROID GLANDS FUNCTIONS
• to increase the calcium in the
serum in the blood.

• to do this PTH is need a support

and it's VITAMIN D so parathyroid is
activate the an enzyme known as
one ALPHA HYDROXYLASE which
will convert VITAMIN D from the less
active to the more active VITAMIN
D.
ADRENAL
GLAND
Adrenal Gland: Anatomy
- It has two distinct
parts, an outer layer,
called the adrenal
cortex and an inner
layer, called the
adrenal medulla
Adrenal Gland: Anatomy
Zona glomerulosa is the
outermost layer of the
adrenal cortex

Zona fasciculata is the

middle layer of the
adrenal cortex.

Zona reticularis is the

innermost layer of the
adrenal cortex.
Adrenal Gland

The adrenal glands, located on top

of each kidney, produce several
important hormones. These
hormones can be divided into two
categories: the steroid hormones
and the catecholamines.
Steroid Hormones produced by
Adrenal Gland
Corsitol Aldosterone
• "stress hormone." • Regulates the body's fluid
• It helps regulate metabolism, balance and electrolyte levels,
immune response, and blood particularly sodium and
pressure. potassium.
• Plays a role in the body's • Helps maintain blood pressure
response to stress • Plays a role in controlling
• Helps maintain blood sugar blood volume.
levels.
Catecholamines produced by Adrenal
Gland
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
• Responsible for the "fight-or- • Works alongside epinephrine
flight" response in stressful to elicit the stress response.
situations. • It helps regulate blood
• It increases heart rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and
pressure, and the supply of blood sugar levels.
oxygen and glucose to the
muscles.
PANCREAS
Pancreas: Anatomy

• Slender, oblong, and pinkish organ

• lies in the first bend of the small intestine

Pancreas: Anatomy
In domestic animals (dogs and cats)

pancreas is a discrete
organ directly adjacent
to the duodenum
Pancreas: Anatomy
In domestic animals (dogs and cats)

pancreas is a discrete
organ directly adjacent
to the duodenum

containing a right
(proximal to the
duodenum) and
left limb
Pancreas: Anatomy
In large animals (horse and cattles)

pancreas has more of a diffuse distribution within the

mesentery adjacent to the duodenum
FUNCTION OF PANCREAS
 FUNCTION OF PANCREAS

ENDOCRINE EXOCRINE
 FUNCTION OF PANCREAS

ENDOCRINE EXOCRINE
• comprises the majority cell
population and volume of the
pancreas
• composed of closely
arranged acini
• Function: production and
secretion of diverse digestive
enzymes and an alkaline
fluid that neutralizes the
acidic secretions of the
stomach
 FUNCTION OF PANCREAS

ENDOCRINE EXOCRINE
• comprises the majority cell
population and volume of the
• consists of small, discrete pancreas
clusters of cells, called islets • composed of closely
of Langerhans (pancreatic arranged acini
islets) • Function: production and
• regulate the glucose level in secretion of diverse digestive
the blood enzymes and an alkaline
fluid that neutralizes the
acidic secretions of the
stomach
Islet of Langherhans

PANCRETIC ISLETS
Islet of Langherhans
PANCRETIC ISLETS

• tightly-packed clusters of polygonal cells with pale

eosinophilic cytoplasm

• all islet cells appear histologically similar, regardless of

the hormone produced

• Islet cells are named according to the hormones they

produce
CELLS AND SECRETIONS OF
THE PANCREATIC ISLETS

Primary Hormone
PANCREATIC CELL HORMON FUNCTIO
E N
Alpha Cell (α Glucago Increases blood glucose
cell) levels
n
Beta Cell (β Insuli Decreases blood glucose levels

cells) n
Amyli has a role in glucose
regulation
n Inhibits insulin and glucagon
Delta Cell (δ Somatostat release
cell)
in
PP Cell (Pancreatic
Pancreatic Has a role in
Polypeptide Cell) appetite
Polypeptide
Influence insulin secretion and
Epsilon Cell (ε Ghrelin (Hunger Hormone) glucose metabolism
cell)
WHAT IS GLUCOSE?
WHAT IS GLUCOSE?
● required for cellular respiration
and is the preferred fuel for all
body cells

● Comes from the breakdown of

the carbohydrate-containing foods
consumed

● not immediately taken up by

cells for fuel
WHAT IS GLUCOSE?

● stored by the liver and muscles

as glycogen, or converted to
triglycerides and stored in the
adipose tissue
HOW IS BLOOD
GLUCOSE REGULATED
THROUGH INSULIN
AND GLUCAGON?
 • Balance internal condition
HomeostasIs • Pancreas: regulate blood glucose
level
• 70 - 110milligrams per deciliter

Hyperglycemia • Elevated blood glucose

Hypoglycemia • Low blood glucose

• glucagon stimulates the liver to

convert stored glycogen back to
Glycogenolysis glucose. The glucose is then released
into the blood.
 • stimulates liver to take up amino acids
from the blood and convert them into
Gluconeogenesis glucose
• stimulates lypolysis

Insulin • facilitates glucose uptake of body cells

• metabolism of glucose for ATP

Glycolysis (adenosine triphosphate) generation
• stimulates the liver to convert excess
glucose into glycogen for storage
Regulation of Blood
Glucose Levels by Insulin
and Glucagon
PRIMARY DISORDER OF
THE PANCREAS
Diabetes Mellitus

• Dysfunction of insulin production and

secretion

• Dysfunction of target cell’s

responsiveness to insulin
 TYPE 1 DIABETES TYPE 2 DIABETES
• acquired and its risk is furtherly
increase by person’s lifestyle
• autoimmune diseases affecting beta
cells of the pancreas • 80% to 90% of people with type 2 are
obese or overweight
• beta cells do not produce insulin
• characterized by cell’s resistance to
• synthetic insulin are administered by the effects of insulin
injection or infusioN
• reversible through lifestyle
• accounts for less than 5% of all cases
of diabetes • uncontrolled blood glucose level
requires insulin
GONADS
 Testes

• Oval shaped glands that sit in a

pouch of skin behind the penis.

• Produce sperm and to produce the

male sex hormones (androgens).

• Both an endocrine and exocrine

gland.
Testes
Hormones produced by Testes

Hormones Function

Promotes the development and maintenance of male

Testosterone
characteristics.

Anti-Mullerian hormone Allows the development of the epididymis, vas deferens and
(AMH) the seminal vesicles of the testes.

Estradiol Contributes to bone health and the maturation of sperm.

Regulating follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release from the

Inhibin B
pituitary gland.
Testes
Keeping testis hormone
levels balance
 Ovaries

• The two ovaries are found on either

side of the uterus or womb inside the
pelvis.

• To house and release eggs and to

make hormones, including estrogen,
progesterone and testosterone.

• Both an endocrine and exocrine gland.

Ovaries
Hormones produced by Ovaries
Hormones Function

Regulates the menstrual cycle, breast development, fertility

Estrogen
and pregnancy, also important in keeping bones healthy.

Regulates the menstrual cycle, maintains pregnancy,

Progesterone strengthens the pelvic floor muscles, prevents milk production
and helps the unborn baby to develop.

Important for bone health and muscle mass, making new blood
Testosterone
cells, and sex drive (or libido).
Ovaries
Hormones produced by Ovaries
Hormones Function

Anti-Mullerian hormone
Important during development of the ovarian follicles.
(AMH)

Regulating follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release from the

Inhibin A & Inhibin B
pituitary gland at different stages of the ovarian cycle.
Ovaries
Hormones produced by Ovaries
PINEAL GLAND
PINEAL GLAND
• Found deep within the brain

• Historically known as the “third

eye”

• Produces the hormone melatonin

• FUNCTION: circadian rhythm,

regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
sexual and reproductive
development
Melatonin

• secreted rhythmically by the pinealocytes

• primary functions; modulation of the sleep-wake cycle

by controlling the circadian rhythm, and regulation of
reproductive system development

• production is stimulated by the amount of light that

falls on the retina (more production at dark)
Melatonin

• Bright light inhibits melatonin secretion

• Low level of melatonin in bright light makes one feel

good and this increases fertility

• High level of melatonin in dim light makes an animal

tired and depressed and therefore causes low fertility
in animals
Circadian
rhythm
• internal process that shows a repetitive occurrence
every 24-hours and regulates the sleep-wake cycle

• largely dictated by rising and falling concentrations

of melatonin

• intrinsic mechanism for the body to synchronize its

physiological processes (feeding, reproduction,
sleep etc.)
Sexual and reproductive function of
the Pineal Gland

• inhibits the pituitary gland's secretion of sex hormones

• regulates the onset of puberty

• inhibits the maturation of genitals until puberty

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