Micro Controllers

Basics of Computational Devices

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To Compute = To Count, To Calculate

Essential Features of a computing device –

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1) Input data
2) Processing units
3) Output i.e. Answer

Additional Features –
1) Storage of the data and output
2) To retrieve the data and output when required
3) Print / Display / Transfer the output
4) Make changes in the process
 Role of Flip-flops

Storage and Retrieval of the Data.

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• Flip-flop is the basic unit which can do this.

• Thus called as basic building block of memory.
• A flip-flop has two stable states, thus, called as a bistable
multivibrator.

• Flip-flops and Latches are used as data storage elements.

• A Flip-flop is a device which can store a single bit (binary digit) of
data.

Many Flip-flops together form the memory of

the computing device.
 FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities Microprocessor

A microprocessor is an electronic device that is used by a computer.

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It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip

containing millions of very small components including transistors,
resistors, and diodes that work together.

It has no specific task given for which it is designed.

Thus, it can be programmed as per the need.
 • Non-volatile memory (ROM)
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• Volatile memory (RAM)

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• Clock
• I/O control unit etc.

Microprocessor Microcontroller

Has only the CPU in it and Has the CPU along with
these features are to be these features embedded
added from outside inside in a single chip.
 Microprocessor Microcontroller
As all the memory, I/O are added from As all the memory, I/O are present
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outside, size of the circuit is large. internally, size of the circuit is small.
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As all the devices are external, each As most of the devices are in-built,
instruction has external operation, thus most of the operations are internal,
slower process. thus faster process.

High power consumption Low power consumption

High cost Low cost

Non specific, generalized applications Dedicated applications such as
such as Personal Computers Washing machines, Automobiles,
Music systems etc.

Difficulty in writing program Easier to write program

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History of Micro Processors -
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Name of Year of Clock No. of Instruction

Processor Invention speed transistors s per
second
Intel 4004 / 1971 740 KHz 2,300 60,000
4040
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History of Micro Processors contd….
 History of Micro Processors contd….
Name of Year of Clock speed No. of Instructions
Invention transistors
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Process per second

or
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Intel core2 duo, 1.2 GHz to 291 000 64 KB of L1

Core 2 core2 3 GHz 000 cache per
quad, core
etc. 4 MB of L2
cache

Intel 2007, 2.2GHz – 3.3GHz, 1.75

i3, i5, i7, 2009, 2.4GHz – 3.6GHz, Billion
i9, i11 2010, 2.93GHz – 3.33GHz 2.1 Billion
2016,
2019
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Embedded System Features

1) Combination of Hardware and Software

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2) There is a specific task given

3) There is a dialogue between the h/w and s/w–
4) It can be a small part of a bigger system
5) Specific program instructions are written in the ROM called as
firmware, thus can not be used in any other system
6) Examples – Washing machines, Mobile phones, Microwave ovens,
Automobiles, Video devices, Video games, Music systems, Cameras,
Medical instruments, Defense weapons …..
 FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities Embedded System Features contd….

7) Requires less power

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8) Highly stable system

9) Highly reliable
10) Highly efficient
11) Minimal user interface
12) Time specific
13) Task specific
14) Mass produced thus cheap
15) A little development in the system will make earlier version
obsolete
16) User friendly
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FPGA
circuit
-specific
integrated
Application
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 Classification of Embedded Systems contd….
Small scale embedded system – Use an 8 bit microcontroller, very few
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hardware components and a small power source.

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Medium scale embedded systems – Use a 16 bit or 32 bit microcontroller,

h/w and s/w are complicated. Uses RTOS, Simulator, Debugger and some
special purpose tools for the design. e.g. Home appliances, security systems
etc.
Sophisticated embedded system –
⮚ Use huge h/w and s/w and is very complex. Costly systems.
⮚ For high end applications.
⮚ Many subsystems are required to be designed to build the complete
system.
⮚ Dedicated special purpose Development tools are required.
⮚ Examples-- Washing machines, Mobile phones, Automobiles, Medical
instruments, Defense weapons etc.
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Classification of Embedded Systems contd….

Stand alone embedded systems – Least complicated type of embedded system. Do

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not require support from any computer. Works of its own independently. i/p can be
analog or digital. e.g. Calculator, Digital wrist watch etc.

Real time embedded systems – These are functions of time. Work in definite time
interval. Further types are Soft time ES (Microwave oven, Washing machine) and
Hard time ES (Missiles, Robotics, Space operations)

Networked embedded systems – Connected to a network like LAN, WAN, Internet

etc. e.g. ATM, Card swipe machine, Home security system etc.

Mobile embedded systems – Portable ES for Cell phones, Digital Data devices etc.
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Thank you !
Micro Controllers
Basics of Computational Devices