Written activity:

Direction: List down as many

distinct changes or outcomes
brought about by globalization
which causes a great influence
in our country.
STATES,
NATIONS, AND
GLOBALIZATION
CONCEPT OF STATE
• State is a type of polity that is an organized
political community living under a single system
of government and may or may not be sovereign.
• The modern term “state” is derived from the word
“status. It was Niccolo Machiavelli who first used
the term “state” in his writings.
• It is a political community that occupies a definite
territory, having an organized government with
the authority to make and enforce laws without
the consent of a higher authority.
• Defined as a self-governing political entity.
• It is a community of persons more
or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of
territory, having a government of
their own to which the great body
of inhabitants render obedience,
and enjoying freedom from
external control.
Elements of State
a. People
b. Territory
c. Sovereignty
d. Government
PEOPLE
• Also known as population or inhabitants.
• They are the ones that make up a certain place.
• They are bounded with different kinds of culture,
beliefs, customs and traditions.
• The basic unit of the society belongs to FAMILY.
TERRITORY
• Refers to the portion of the Earth which composed of
aerial (air space above), fluvial (waters around and
connecting the island of the archipelago) and terrestrial
(landmass) domains.
• The terrestrial domain refers to the land mass, which may
be integrate or dismembered, or partly bound by water or
consist of one whole island. It may also be composed of
several islands, like the Philippines, which are also known
as mid-ocean archipelagos as distinguished from the
coastal archipelagos and it also includes the continental
shelf under the sea.
TERRITORY
• The fluvial and maritime domain of the Philippines covers
all of the internal waters, territorial waters and
archipelagic waters as well as the contiguous zone and
the EEZs.
• Maritime Terms:
a. Territorial Sea- coastal states have sovereignty,
including exclusive fishing rights (12 nautical miles)
b. Contiguous Zone- coastal state can enforce its
customs, immigration, and sanitation laws and
exercise “hot pursuit” out of its territorial waters (24
nautical miles)
 c. Exclusive Economic Zone – state has recognized rights
to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage the natural
resources (200 nautical miles)
d. Continental Shelf- countries have exclusive rights to
natural resources up to 350 nm.
e. High Seas- beyond EEZ- “common heritage of
humankind.”
• The aerial domain includes the air directly above the state’s
terrestrial and fluvial domains, all the way up to where the
outer space begins.
SOVEREIGNTY
• It refers to supreme and absolute power within its territorial
boundaries.
Types of Sovereignty
1. Internal is the power of the state to rule within its
territory.
2. External is the freedom of the state to carry out its
activities without subjection to or control by other states.
Characteristics of Sovereignty
1. Sovereignty is absolute from the legal point of view.
2. Sovereignty is permanent.
3. Sovereignty of the state is universal.
4. Sovereignty is inalienable.
5. Sovereignty cannot be divided between or shared by
a plurality.
6. Sovereignty is exclusive.
GOVERNMENT
• Refers to the institution or agency or instrumentalities through
which the state maintains social order, provide public services
and enforces binding decisions.
• It has International recognition, e.g. by the UN
• The forms of government is according to:
a. distribution of power
b. citizen participation
c. legitimacy
d. executive and legislative relationship
Distribution of Power
a. Unitary Government Power is held by one central authority.
Example: Philippines, Denmark, Italy, Finland, Peru, Rwanda
b. Confederation is a voluntary association of independent
states that often only delegate a few powers to the central
government. Weak or loose organization of states agrees to
follow a powerful central government. Examples: The
Commonwealth Of Independent States (CIS) formerly known
as the Soviet Union, Switzerland’s canton system.
c. Federal Government Power is divided between one central
and several regional authorities. Example: Malaysia, USA,
Nigeria, Australia
 Citizen Participation
a. Autocracy. Form of government wherein one person
possesses unlimited power. The citizen has limited, if any, role
in government. The leader is from a family or from a social
class or from a strong party.
Forms of Autocratic Government
i. Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship
The ideas of a single leader glorified. Government
control all aspects of social and economic life and the
government is not responsible to the people.
ii. Monarchy
It is a government in which the supreme power is
lodged in the hands of a monarch (kings, queens,
emperors etc.) who reigns over a state or territory,
usually for life and hereditary right; the monarch may be
either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign.
 ABSOLUTE – The monarch’s power is usually hereditary, passed down
through a royal family. SAUDI, BRUNEI, OMAN
 CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY – The monarch’s role is often
ceremonial, and real political power is held by elected officials. UK,
JAPAN, SWEDEN
 ELECTIVE MONARCHY - The position of monarch is not hereditary,
meaning it does not automatically pass from parent to child. Malaysia
operates a form of elective monarchy where state rulers elect the king
for a five-year term.
 FEDERAL MONARCHY - The federal structure allows for a division of
powers between the central authority and regional governments. The
United Arab Emirates is a federal monarchy where each of the seven
emirates is ruled by its own monarch, and one of these monarchs
serves as the president of the UAE.
 SUBNATIONAL MONARCH - These monarchs govern within regions
or communities, maintaining traditional or cultural leadership roles. In
Nigeria, there are traditional monarchs (e.g., the Oba of Lagos) who
govern specific regions, though the national government is a republic.
b. Oligarchy
It is the government by the few. Sometimes a small group
exercises control, especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The
group gets its power from military power, social power, wealth,
religion, or a combination. In here, the citizen has a limited role.
Thus, political opposition is usually suppressed- sometimes
violently.

c. Democracy
It is a government based on the consent of the governed.
The people are the sovereign, thus they hold the highest political
authority. Citizens have freedom to criticize their leaders because
they are the one who elected them in the position. People have a
high degree of participation in every government processes.
Two Forms of Democracy:
i. Indirect Democracy/ Representative Democracy
Is a form of democratic government wherein the people
directly elect their leaders who will govern them and perform,
governmental functions;
ii. Direct Democracy
Is a form of government wherein the people will
convene a mass assembly and directly formulate and
expressed the will of the state.
 LEGITIMACY
a. De jure
It is a form of government wherein it has the people’s
support and possess constitutional mandate. Therefore, it is a
legitimate government.
b. De facto
It is a form of government supported by the people but
no constitutional mandate or legal support.
 EXECUTIVE & LEGISLATIVE RELATIONSHIP

a. PRESIDENTIAL is a form of government in which executive branch

exits separately from the legislative. The president is
constitutionally independent of the legislature because they are
elected directly by the people.

b. PARLIAMENTARY is a form of government in which members of an

executive branch (the cabinet and its leader- a prime minister,
premier, or chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a
legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it. The
members of executive branch are also members of the parliament
or the legislature. Moreover, this type of government can be
dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by means of a no
confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the
parliament if it can no longer function.
 DIFFERENCE BET. PRESIDENTAIL
AND PARLIAMENTARY
Head of Government vs. Head of
State:
• Presidential System: The president is both head of state and head of government.
• Parliamentary System: The roles are often split between a head of government
(prime minister) and a head of state (monarch or ceremonial president
• Election and Accountability:
• Presidential System: The president is elected separately from the legislature and
has a fixed term. The executive and legislative branches are separate.
• Parliamentary System: The prime minister is selected by the parliament and must
maintain its confidence to stay in office. The executive and legislative branches are
closely linked.
• Separation of Powers:
• Presidential System: Features a strong separation of powers and checks and
balances between the executive and legislative branches.
• Parliamentary System: Features a fusion of powers, with the executive branch
being part of and accountable to the legislature.
An Independent State
• Has space or territory which has internationally recognized
boundaries.
• Has people who live there on an ongoing basis.
• Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country
regulates foreign trade and domestic trade and issues money.
• Has the power of social engineering, such as education.
• Has a transportation system for moving goods or services.
• Has a government which provided public services and police
power.
• Has sovereignty. No other state should have power over the
country’s territory.
• Has external recognition. A country has been “voted into the club”
by other countries.
Origins of the State
a. Evolution Theory. States evolved from family units.

b. Force Theory. States emerged from the conquest of other families or

tribes.

c. Divine Right. Belief that kings are chosen to rule the Ancient state
by a deity like the Egyptians and Aztecs.

d. Social Contract. It existed during the 17th century and The Age of
Enlightenment. People begin to challenge the monarchy and the idea
of Divine Right.
Inherent Powers of State
a. Police Power
Power of the state to regulate freedoms and property
rights of individuals for the protection of public safety, health,
and morals or the promotion of the public convenience and
general prosperity.
b. Eminent Domain
Power to take private property for public use upon
payment of just compensation. It is exercised through national
or local government and private persons or corporations
authorized to exercise functions of public character.
Inherent Powers of State
c. Taxation
Power to impose tax on individuals and properties to
support the government.
Tax- lifeblood of the government.
Uniform Taxation- persons or things belonging to the same class
shall be taxed at the same rate.
Progressive Taxation- as the resources of the taxpayer becomes
higher as his rate likewise increase.
Concept of Nation

• Nation is the social construction of a collective identity.

• It is an imagined political community that is imagined as both
inherently limited and sovereign.
• It is defined as a group of people who share the same history,
geography, language, customs, and sometimes religion.
Distinction between State and Nation
STATE NATION
• Exited not only at present but also in • Modern phenomenon.
the ancient period.

• It is legal political. • It is racial cultural.

• People organized for law within a • People psychologically joined together

definite territory. with common will to live together.

• People continue as a nation even if

• A state must be sovereign. they do not remain sovereign.

• Inhabited by homogenous groups of

• Inhabited by heterogeneous groups of people.
people.
 Concept of Globalization
• GLOBALIZATION also known as Global Industrialism is a process
of forgoing international political, economic, religious, and
socio-cultural interconnections. The concept of sovereign
nation- states is increasingly being challenged by globalization.
• Heywood (2013) defined globalization as the process through
which societies have become so intertwined or
interconnected that events and decisions in one part of the
world have significant effects on the lives of the people in the
part of the world.
 SEAT WORK
Direction: Based on the given table of elements of
state, describe the quadrant containing each of the
concepts.

PEOPLE SOVEREIGNTY

TERRITORY GOVERNMENT

How does our understanding of these concepts help in improving

Philippine politics?
II. Analyze the given line authored by Niccolo
Machiavelli “The Prince” and state your
reaction about it by drawing an emoticon.
Give brief explanation justifying your reaction.
“The main foundations of every state, new
states as well as ancient or composite ones,
are good laws an good arms - you can not
have good laws without good arms, and
where there are good arms, good laws
inevitably follow.”
 Performance Task 4
Group task:
Direction: Prepare a short video ad campaign about the effects of
globalization in the Philippines.
• The video should not be over 3 minutes.
• All members of the group should be included in the video
Rubric:

Power of advert – 10 pts

Overall design and presentation – 5 pts

Language – 5 pts

Timely submission – 5 pts

Total - 25 pts