CHAPTER 2:

SUBSTRUCTURE
Part 2
2.1.2 Deep Foundation
 Piles
• Driven pile
• Drilled pile
• spun pile
• bore pile

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 DEEP FOUNDATION

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 DEEP FOUNDATION
Reasons why Deep Foundation??

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 Main Components of Deep
Foundation

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 DEEP FOUNDATION
 Piles are long and slender members which
transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of high
bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low
bearing capacity.
 The main types of materials used for deep piles
are wood, steel and concrete.
 Piles made from these materials are driven,
drilled or jacked into the ground and connected
to pile caps.
 Main functions of a pile;
i. to transmit a foundation load to a solid
ground
ii. to resist vertical, lateral and uplift load
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 Driven pile

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 Drilled pile

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 Factors Influencing
The Choice of Pile

Location and
Ground Conditions Durability Cost
Type of Structures

Ground containing
Over water Boulders- Concrete Installation cost

clay with
On Land Steel materials
ground heave

Not causing vibration

Loose water
to existing/nearby Timber time
bearing sand
Structures-

Heavy Structure Under-reamed bases Test load

Existing Structure Supervision

Organization,
9 overhead and etc.
 Factors Influencing the Choice of
Pile
Location and type of structures

For structures over water, such as wharves and

jetties, driven piles or driven cast-in-place piles (in
which the shell remains in place) are the most
suitable.
On land, driven cast-in-place types are usually the
cheapest for moderate loadings.
It is necessary for piles to be installed without
causing any significant ground heave or vibrations
because of their proximity to existing structures,
the bored cast-in-place pile is the most suitable.
For heavy structures exerting large foundation
loads, large-diameter bored piles are usually the
most economical.
Jacked piles are suitable for underpinning existing
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structures.
 Factors Influencing the Choice of
Pile
Ground conditions

Driven piles cannot be used economically in

ground containing boulders (large rocks), or in
clays when ground heave would be detrimental.

Bored piles would not be suitable in loose water-

bearing sand, and under-reamed bases cannot
be used in cohesion less soils since they are
susceptible to collapse before the concrete can
be placed.

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 Factors Influencing the Choice of
Pile
Durability

Most important criteria especially in the choice

of material. For example, concrete piles are
usually used in marine conditions since steel
piles are susceptible to corrosion in marine
conditions .

timber piles is not the most suitable type under

marine conditions because it can be attacked by
boring molluscs .

On land, concrete piles are not the best choice,

especially where the soil contains sulphates or
other harmful substances.
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 Factors Influencing the Choice of
Pile
Cost
Considerable important decision over the choice of
pile.

The overall cost of installing piles includes:

 the actual cost of the material,
the times required for piling in the construction plan,
test loading,
cost of the engineer to oversee installation and
loading
cost of organisation and overheads incurred
between the time of initial site clearance and the
time when construction of the superstructure can
proceed.
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 Classification of Pile With Respect to
Load Transmission and Functional
Behavior

End bearing
piles (point
bearing piles)
Friction piles
(cohesion piles )
Combination of
friction and
cohesion piles

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 END BEARING PILE

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 End bearing piles
 Typical end-bearing piles are driven
through very soft soil, such as a loose
silt-bearing stratum underlying by
compressible strata.

 This pile acts on the basic concept of

digging through the top soil (relatively
weak) to an underlying firmer rock to
anchor the foundation.

 The piles transfer their load on to a firm

stratum located at a considerable depth
below the base of the structure.

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 This pile behaves as an ordinary column. In weak soil, this pile
will not fail by buckling

End bearing piles

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 End bearing piles-cast in
place

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 End bearing piles - driven or
jacking (R.C or Steel Pile)

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 Piling Rig

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 Pile Driving
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 FRICTION PILE

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 Friction piles
 Friction piles, also known
as floating pile
foundations,
 Commonly used in
construction to provide
underground support for
buildings, bridges, docks
and other structures.
 They are often used when
end-bearing piles are not
suitable.
 Friction piles rely
specifically on the friction
created between the soil
and the surface of the pile
material in order to
provide stability.
 The combination of
friction and adhesion with
the soil causes them to
stay in place.
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 Friction piles
 The load is transferred to
the adjoining soil by
friction between the pile
and the surrounding soil.
 The load is transferred
downward and laterally to
the soil.
 In order for friction piles
to be effective, the soil
surrounding the area
must be fairly uniform in
type and density.
 For more complex
situations, construction
companies sometimes
rely on a combination of
friction and end-bearing
piles.

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 Friction Pile Types

Placement Installation Repetition

of pile of Pile process

Driven

Cast-in-situ

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 SPUN PILE

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 Spun Pile
Standard Characteristics
 Pre-stressed concrete spun pile (cast in the factory) and
deliver to site for installation.
 Size : 250mm to 1000mm diameter
 Lengths : 6m, 9m and 12m (Typical)
 Structural Capacity : 45Ton to 520Ton
 Material : Grade 60MPa & 80MPa Concrete
 Joints: Welded
 Installation Method :
–Drop Hammer
–Jack-In

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 Spun Pile

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 Spun Piles Vs. RC Square
Piles

Spun Piles have …

 Better Bending Resistance
 Higher Axial Capacity
 Better Manufacturing Quality
 Able to Sustain Higher Driving
Stresses
 Higher Tensile Capacity
 Easier to Check Integrity of Pile
 Similar cost as RC Square Piles with
higher pile integrity

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Spun
Pile

No Advantages Disadvantages

1 Best suited for use as friction piles that Expensive to splice and cut

don't meet refusal during driving

(refusal: pile can't be driven any further, so

it becomes necessary to cut off the portion)

2 Best suited for toe-bearing piles where the Difficult to cut

required length is uniform and predictable

3 Less expensive than steel piles Susceptible to damage during handling

or driving

4 Have a large load capacity Not suited for hard driving conditions

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 BORE PILE

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 Bored piles
• Foundation structure made of
reinforced concrete on site.
• Used to carry heavy loads by
transmitting the load to a stable
soil strata.
• Varies in diameter and depth.
• Dimension varies from 450mm
to 2000mm.
• Designers will decide the size
according to the load
requirement and as well as the
soil condition of the site.
• widely used and can be
constructed in most soil
condition and over water.

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 Bored Pile Construction
• Bored piles is
constructed by first
drilling a hole in the
ground until a
competent load bearing
layer is reached.
• Once achieved, a
reinforcement steel cage
is lowered into the
drilled hole and the hole
is filled with concrete.
• It is also known as cast
in place piles.

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 Bored piles
 High flexibility and are widely used
in deep foundation for :-
 high rise buildings,
 jetties,
 bridge foundation and
 as vertical retaining structures like a
retaining wall or sheet piles wall. (In
this case the bored piles is known as
contiguous bored pile wall).
 Designed either as a point bearing
piles or friction piles.
 If competent load bearing layer like
bed rock is present, then the bored
piles will be designed as an end-
bearing pile. This means that the
load carrying capacity of the piles is
mainly derived from the bearing
capacity of the rock layer at the toe
of the pile.

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Bored Piles

 Bored pile-single pile

- pile groups.

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 can be inclined to a certain angle. When bored piles are
Angle bored piles also known as constructed close to one
raked piles (found in structures another or overlapping
slightly, this is known as
that requires resistance to contiguous bored piles wall or
horizontal load like in a retaining secant piles wall.
wall or bridge and piers
foundation).
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Standard Bored Piles Characteristics Considerations…
 Size : 450mm to 2000mm  Borepile Base Difficult to
 Lengths : Varies Clean
 Structural Capacity : 80Ton to 2,300Tons  Bulging / Necking
 Concrete Grade : 20MPa to 30MPa  Collapse of Sidewall
 Joints : None  Dispute on Level of
 Installation Method : Drill then Cast-In-Situ Weathered Rock

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Advantages & Disadvantages
Bore Pile
No Advantages Disadvantages

1 Less costs of mobilizing and demobilizing a drill rig Dependent on contractor's skills

2 Less noise and vibration Lower unit end bearing capacity

3 Soils excavated can be observed and classified Expensive for full-scale load test

during drilling

4 Size of shafts can easily be changed during const.

5 Can penetrate soils with cobbles, boulders and

many types of bedrock

6 Possible to support each column with one large

shaft (no pile cap)

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