APEX INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

COA(23CST-281)
Faculty: Dr. Kalpana Singh(E14950)

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

1
Computer Organization & Architecture: Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The course aims to:
1) The purpose of the course is to introduce principles of computer organization and the basic
architectural concepts.
2) It begins with basic organization, design, and programming of a simple digital computer and
introduces simple register transfer language to specify various computer operations.
3) Topics include computer arithmetic, instruction set design, microprogrammed control unit,
pipelining and vector processing, memory organization and I/O systems, and
multiprocessors.
4) To familiarize Students with the detailed Architectures of a Central Processing Unit.
5) Learn the different types of serial communication techniques.
2
 COURSE OUTCOMES

On completion of this course, the students shall be able to:-

Identify and interpret the basics of instruction sets and their impact on the design, organization,
CO1 and functionality of various functional units of a computer comparable to the CPU, memory
organization, I/O organization, and parallel processors.
Analysis of the design of arithmetic & logic unit and understanding of the fixed point and
CO2
floating-point arithmetic operations.
Relate cost performance and design trade-offs in designing and constructing a computer
CO3
processor which includes memory.
Understanding the different ways of communicating with I/O devices and standard I/O
CO4
interfaces.
CO5 3
Implementation of control unit techniques and the concept of Pipelining.
 Unit-1 Syllabus
Unit-1 Basic Organization of Computer Contact Hours:15 hours
Data
Signed number representation, fixed and floating-point representations, character
representatio
representation.
n
Functional
blocks of a CPU, memory, input-output subsystems, control unit.
computer
Instruction
set Registers, instruction execution cycle, RTL interpretation of instructions, addressing
architecture modes, instruction set. Outlining instruction sets of some common CPUs.
of a CPU:

Integer addition and subtraction, ripple carry adder, carry look-ahead adder, etc.
Computer
multiplication – shift-and-add, Booth multiplier, carry save multiplier, etc. Division
arithmetic
restoring and non-restoring techniques, floating point arithmetic, IEEE 754 format.

4
Course Objectives

• Students will be able to Understand Various Functional Units of

Computer like CPU (CU, ALU, Registers), Memory Organization, I/O
Organization and Parallel Processors.
• Learning of Hardwired and Microprogrammed Architecture of Central
Processing Unit.
• Students will be able to Design a Basic Computer System.

5
 Table of content

 Introduction
 What is Computer Peripheral
 Types of Computer Peripheral
 Some Imp. Peripheral devices and their uses
 What are not Computer Peripheral
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 References
 A body of knowledge devoted to creating tools,
processing actions.

 An application of science to solve a problem.

 Technology is dynamic.
Charles Babbage designed the first mechanical computer in
1822, it was called Analytical Engine.
 Webca
m CP
U
Printe
r
Moniter
S.box

Mouse
Keyboar
d
• Devices that are connected to the computer,
but is not a part of core computer
architecture.
• Device that is used to put information into or get
information out of the computer.
1.Input devices - Used to interact with , or send
data to the computer. Ex- Mouse , Keyboard
etc.

2.Output devices - Provide output to the

user from the computer. Ex-Monitor , Printer
etc.

3.Storagedevices - Store data processed by

computer. Ex-Hard drives , Flash drive etc.
 INPUT
 Keyboard
 OUTPUT  STORAGE
 Mouse
 Monitor( LCD,  Hard drives
 Touchpad CRT etc)
 Flash drive
 Printers
 Touchscree  Recording tape
 Projector.
n Monitor
 Speaker
 Joystick
 Head Phone.
 Scanner
 1. KEYBOARD :-
 Made up of push button switches which send a signal to
the
CPU each time we press them.
 Having alphabet, numbers, function ,special keys.
 Software keyboard or on screen keyboard display an image of
a keyboard on the screen.
 The AT keyboard is a keyboard with 84 keys, It was later
replaced with the 101-key .
 It can be used for shortcuts ,helpful in DOS command (where
mouse doesn’t work)
 2.MONITOR:-
 An electronic visual display for computers.
 Technology used for computer monitor:-

1.CRT 2. LCD etc.

 The first computer monitor used

cathode ray tubes (CRTs).

 The first desktop LCD computer monitors was the Eizo L66
in the mid-1990s.
 Present in many aspect ratio (width:height) in market.
CRT Monitor LCD Monitor

VGA ports and connector

 Introduced in 1956 for an IBM computer.
 It is used to store data for long time (Permanent storage). Data

can include the computer's operating system and applications

as well as personal files including photographs, documents
and music.
 2 types of Hard drive:-1.HDD-Hard disc drive(Magnetic disc)

2.SDD-Solid state drive

 Each computer have a Hard drive.
 1.Power Supply Unit
 2.Motherboard

 3.C.P.U.
 4.R.A.M.
 Computer Case

(The devices that without which a

computer can not process , even a single
task )
 ADVANTAGES  DISADVANTAGES
 1.JOYSTICK:-Easy to learn  1. Directions in simple
to use. joysticks are limited
 2.REMOTE CONTROL:-
Each function can have its  2. They cannot be used to
own button making them control anything other
very simple to use.
than the device they were
 3. DIGITAL CAMERA:-
designed for.
No film is needed and  3. Images often have to be
unwanted images can be
deleted straight away. compressed to avoid using
 4.HEADPHONE:- Easy up too much expensive.
to  4.It required digital sound
use and keep. signal to convert.
 5.STORAGE DEVICE:-  5.Saved data are
Very fast to access the data deleted ,if device fails.
and cheap to buy.
 A peripheral device is generally any auxiliary device that connects
to and works with the computer to increase functionality of computer.

 Peripheral devices can be input/output, external or internal. Some

devices, such as video display terminals, may provide both input and
output.
Key points of the lecture
• Peripheral devices
• Categories of devices
• Advantages and disadvantages

23
References
Text Books
• Computer System Architecture M. M. Mano: 3rd ed., Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1993.
• Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, David A. Patterson and
John L. Hennessy.
• Computer Organization and Embedded Systems, Carl Hamacher.
Reference Books
• Computer Architecture and Organization, John P. Hayes.
• Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance, William Stallings.
• Computer System Design and Architecture, Vincent P. Heuring and Harry F. Jordan.
Web links
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5gPTWZ35PI

24
References

• Research Paper
• Nikolic, B., Radivojevic, Z., Djordjevic, J., & Milutinovic, V. (2009). A survey and evaluation of
simulators suitable for teaching courses in computer architecture and organization. IEEE Transactions
on Education, 52(4), 449-458.
• Kurniawan, W., &Ichsan, M. H. H. (2017, September). Teaching and learning support for computer
architecture and organization courses design on computer engineering and computer science for
undergraduate: A review. In 2017 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer
Science and Informatics (EECSI) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
• Hasan, R., & Mahmood, S. (2012, September). Survey and evaluation of simulators suitable for
teaching computer architecture and organization Supporting undergraduate students at Sir Syed
University of Engineering & Technology. In Proceedings of 2012 UKACC International Conference on
Control (pp. 1043-1045). IEEE.
• Djordjevic, J., Milenkovic, A., Grbanovic, N., & Bojovic, M. (1998, January). An educational
environment for teaching a course in computer architecture and organization. In WCAE@ HPCA (p. 4)

25
THANK YOU

For queries
Email:
[email protected]