Lecture_1

Module
1
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Introduction To Microorganisms
We see several kinds of plants and animals
around us.
However, there are other living organisms
around us
which we cannot see with eyes
alone.
These are called microorganisms or
microbes.
 You might have observed that During
Rainy Season

Moist Breadgets Spoilt and its

surface gets covered with
Greyish White Patches.
When these patches are
observed through A
Magnifying Glass,
We see Tiny, Black Rounded
Structures.
MICROORGANISMS
WATERand SOIL are Full Of Tiny Organisms,
though not all of them fall into the
category of microbes.
MICROORGANISMS
These microorganisms or microbes are so
small in size that they cannot be seen with the
unaided eye.
Some of these, such as the fungus
that grows on bread, can be seen
with A Magnifying Glass,
That is why
Others thesebe
cannot are called
seen
without theor
Microorganisms help of a .
Microbes
microscope
 Microorganisms are classified
into Penicillium
Four Major
These Groups.
groups are
Amoeba
Bread Mould
Chlamydomonas
Spiral bacteria Paramecium
Spirogyra

Algae
Fungi
Bacteria
Protozoa Rod shaped bacteria
Aspergillus
Viruses are also Microscopic.
 Viruses Reproduce Only
Inside the Cells of the Host
Organism.
Host Cell

Virus

Viral Replication

New Viruses
The Host Organism, may be a Bacterium, Plant
or Animal.
Plant
Host Cell

Bacterium

Animal
 Common ailmentsColdInfluenza
like Cold,
Influenza (flu) and most Viruses
Coughs Coughs
are caused by Viruses.
 Polio
Serious diseases like Polio and
Chicken
Chicken Pox are also caused
VirusesPoxby
Viruses.
 Dysentery
Diseases like Dysentery and
Malaria
Protozoans
Malaria are caused by
Protozoans.
 Typhoid
Diseases like Typhoid and
Tuberculosi
Tuberculosis
(TB (TB) are caused
s
Bacteria by
) Bacteria.
Module
2
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Where Do Microorganisms Live ?
Where do Microorganisms Live
?
MICROORGANISMS
Unicellular Multicellular
(single-celled) (many-celled)

BACTERIA

SOME ALGAE

PROTOZOA
Where do Microorganisms Live
?
MICROORGANISMS
Unicellular Multicellular
(single-celled) (many-celled)

BACTERIA

SOME ALGAE

PROTOZOA
Where do Microorganisms Live
?
MICROORGANISMS
Unicellular Multicellular
(single-celled) (many-celled)

BACTERIA

SOME ALGAE

PROTOZOA
Where do Microorganisms Live
?
MICROORGANISMS
Unicellular Multicellular
(single-celled) (many-celled)

ALGAE

FUNGI
Where do Microorganisms Live
?
MICROORGANISMS
Unicellular Multicellular
(single-celled) (many-celled)

ALGAE

FUNGI
Where do Microorganisms Live
?
They can Survive Under All Types Of Environment, Ice
ranging
Marshy
Hot
Cold from
Deserts
Springs
Climate
lands
Microorganisms are also found
Inside The Bodies Of Animals
including Humans .
Where do Microorganisms Live
?
Some Microorganisms
Some Microorganisms
Grow
On The Body of other Inside The Body of other
organisms organisms
Exist Freely
Where do MicroorganismsFungi
Live and
? Bacteria
Amoeba can Live
Alone Microorganisms
like

may Live In
Colonies.
Module
3
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Microorganisms And Us
• Friendly Microorganisms
• Making Of Curd And Bread
MICROORGANISMS AND US
Whereas
Some someare
of them
MICROORGANISMS play
others an Important
are Harmful
Beneficial and
in ManyRole in our
Cause. Diseases.
lives.
Ways

They are called

They are called
Friendly (Friends)
Harmful (FOE) Microorganisms.
Microorganisms.
 FRIENDLY
MICROORGANISMS

Microorganisms are
Used For Various
Purposes.
 FRIENDLY
MICROORGANISMS
They are used in the preparation ofand cake.
curd,bread
 FRIENDLY
MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms have been used for the Production Of
Alcohol Since Ages.
 FRIENDLY
MICROORGANISMS
They are also used in Cleaning Up Of TheFor example,
Environment . the
Organic wastes
(Vegetable Peels, Remains Of Animals,
By,Bacteria
Faeces
Are Broken Down etc.) into Harmless and Usable
Substances.
 FRIENDLY
MICROORGANISMS
Bacteria are also used in the Preparation Of Medicines.
 FRIENDLY
MICROORGANISMS
In agriculture they are used to Increase Soil Fertility By
Fixing Nitrogen.
 MAKING OF CURD AND BREAD
Curd contains serveral Micro-organisum.
Of these, the Bacterium, Lactobacillus promotes the formation
of curd. in milk and Converts It Into Curd.
It multiplies
MAKING OF CURD AND BREAD
Bacteria are also involved in the making of Cheese,
Pickles and Many Other Food Items.
MAKING OF CURD AND BREAD
Yeast Reproduces Rapidly and Produces Carbon Dioxide
during respiration.
Bubbles of the Gas Fill The Dough and Increase Its Volume.
MAKING OF CURD AND BREAD
This is the basis of the use of Yeast In The Baking
Industry
Breads, for making
And Cakes.
Pastries
Lecture_2
Module
4
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Commercial Use Of
Microorganisms
• Medicinal Use Of
Microorganisms
 COMMERCIAL USE OF
MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms are used for the large scale production
of Alcohol, Wine And Acetic Acid (Vinegar) .
 COMMERCIAL USE OF
MICROORGANISMS
For this purpose Yeast is grown on natural sugars
present
Barley, in Rice,
Wheat, grains like
Crushed Fruit Juices, etc.
 COMMERCIAL USE OF
MICROORGANISMS
The typical smell of alcohol is due to
the Conversion Of Sugar Into Alcohol By
[Link] discovered fermentation in
Louis
1857.

This process of
conversion of sugar
into alcohol is known
as ‘FERMENTATION’.
MEDICINAL USE OF MICROORGANISMS
Whenever you Fall ill themay give
doctor you some Antibiotic
Tablets,
Capsules Of Injections Such as Of Pencillin.
MEDICINAL USE OF MICROORGANISMS
These medicines Kill Or Stop The Growth Of The Disease-causing
Microorganisms. The Source Of These
Medicines Is
Microorganisms.

Such medicines are

called ‘ANTIBIOTICS’.
MEDICINAL USE OF MICROORGANISMS
Theses days a number of Bacteriafrom
Antibiotics Are Being Produced Fungi
Bacteria and Fungi .

Bacteria Fungi
MEDICINAL USE OF MICROORGANISMS
Some of the commonly known
antibiotics which are made from
Fungi and Bacteria are

STREPTOMYCIN TETRACYCLINE ERYTHROMYCIN

MEDICINAL USE OF MICROORGANISMS
The antibiotics are manufactured by growing Specific
Specific Microorganisms
Microorganisms
and are used to Variety
cure aOf Diseases
Variety Of Diseases.
MEDICINAL USE OF MICROORGANISMS
ANTIBIOTICS are even Mixed With The Feed of livestock and
poultry to Check Microbial Infection in animals.
They are also used to control many
Plant Diseases.
MEDICINAL USE OF MICROORGANISMS
It is important to remember that Antibiotics Should Be
Taken Only On The Advice Of A Qualified Doctor.
Also you must Complete The Course prescribed by
the doctor.
MEDICINAL USE OF MICROORGANISMS
Also antibiotics taken unnecessarily may Kill The Beneficial
Kill The Beneficial Bacteria In The Body
Bacteria In The Body.
MEDICINAL USE OF MICROORGANISMS
Antibiotics, however, are not effective against cold
and flu as these are caused by viruses.
MEDICINAL USE OF MICROORGANISMS
In 1929, Alexander Fleming was working on a culture of
disease causing bacteria.

Suddenly he found the Spores Of

A Little Green Mould in one of his
culture plates.
He observed that the
presence of mould Prevented
The Growth Of Bacteria. In fact, it
also Killed Many Of These Bacteria.
From this the mould Penicillin was
prepared.
Module
5
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Vaccine
VACCINE
When a Disease-carrying Microbe Enters Our
Body, If The Microbe enters again,
The Body Produces Antibodies to fight the
invader.
VACCINE

If The Microbe enters again,

The body also Remembers How
To Fight the microbe.
VACCINE
If Dead or Weakened Microbes are introduced in a
healthy body, the body fights and kills them by
producing suitable antibodies.

Weakene
d
Microbes

Dead
Microbes
Vaccine
VACCINE
If dead or weakened microbes are Introduced In A
Healthy Body, the Body Fights and Kills Them By
Producing Suitable Antibodies.
VACCINE
The Antibodies Remain In The
Bodyand we are Protected
from the disease-causing
microbes.
This is How A Vaccine Works.
VACCINE

Vaccination prevents
several diseases,
including Cholera,
Tuberculosis,
Smallpox and
Hepatitis.
VACCINE
Vaccination is Essential to
Protect
All Children against these
diseases.
VACCINE
Necessary Vaccines are Available in the Nearby
Hospitals.

e
n Ce n tr
io
inat
Vacc

You might have seen the

advertisement on T.V. and Newspapers
regarding protection of children
against polio under the Pulse Polio
Programme.
VACCINE
Polio Drops given to children are actually A Vaccine.
A Worldwide Campaign Against Smallpox has finally led
its Eradication From Most Parts Of The World.
 VACCINE

from several
These days
diseases.
vaccines are made
on a large scale

From
microorgani
sms
to protect humans and other animals
VACCINE
Edward Jenner discovered the Vaccine For Small-pox in
1798.
Module
6
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Increasing Soil Fertility
• Cleaning The Environment
 INCREASING SOIL
FERTILITY
Certain Bacteria and Blue Green Algae are able to Fix Nitrogen
From The Atmosphere to enrich soil with nitrogen and increase
its fertility.
N2 N2 N2

NO2 NO3
NO2 NO3
NO2 NO3
INCREASING SOIL
FERTILITY
These
microbes are
commonly
called
‘Biological
Nitrogen Fixers’.
 CLEANING THE
ENVIRONMENT

are collected
from nearby
houses and
gardens.
The waste
of

Plants Vegetables Fruits

 CLEANING THE
ENVIRONMENT
They are Put In A Pit meant for waste
disposal.
After some time, it gets Decomposed and gets
converted to a Manure.
CLEANING THE
ENVIRONMENT This is of
Large amounts because the Microorganisms
Dead Organic Matter in the form
They Disappear After Some
of decaying plants
Decompose andOrganic
Dead sometimes of plants
Time. Wastedead animals
and animals converting
is seen on the groundthem
. into
simple substances.
CLEANING THE
ENVIRONMENT These substances are Again
Used By Other Plants and
Animals.
CLEANING THE
ENVIRONMENT Thus, microorganisms can be used
to
Degrade The Harmful And Smelly
and thereby Clean Up The Environment.
Substances
Lecture_3
Module
7
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Harmful Microorganisms
• Disease - Causing
Microorganisms In Humans
HARMFUL MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms are Harmful In Many
Ways.
Some of the microorganisms cause diseases in Human Beings,
Plants and Animals.
Such Disease-causing Microorganisms are called
PATHOGENS.
HARMFUL MICROORGANISMS
Some microorganisms spoil Food, Clothing
Foo Clothin Leather
and Leather. d g
DISEASE - CAUSING MICROORGANISMS IN
HUMANS

The Air We The Water We The Food We

Breathe Drink Eat

Pathogens Enter Our Body through

 DISEASE - CAUSING MICROORGANISMS IN
HUMANS

Direct Contact With An Carried Through An Animal

Infected Person

They can also get Transmitted By

DISEASE - CAUSING MICROORGANISMS IN
HUMANS
EXAMPLES OF SUCH DISEASES
INCLUDE

CHICKEN
CHOLERA
POX COMMON COLD
TUBERCULOSIS
 DISEASE - CAUSING MICROORGANISMS IN
HUMANS
When a person suffering fromCold
Common Sneezes
Common Cold
FineSneezes,
Droplets
Fine
Of Droplets Of Moisture carrying
Moisture thousands
Viruses Are Spread Inof
The Air
Viruses Are Spread In The Air.
 The virus
virus maymay enter
enter thethe body
body
of a healthy person
while breathing
while
breathing.
 DISEASE - CAUSING MICROORGANISMS IN
There are Some Insects and Animals
HUMANS
which act as,

Housefly is
one such
carrier.

Carriers ofDisease-causing
Microbes
 The flies sit on the garbage and
animal excreta.
Pathogens stick flies
When these to their
sit on uncovered food they May
bodies.
Transfer The Pathogens.
Whoever Eats The Contaminated
is likely
Food to Get Sick.
Avoid consuming
So, it uncovered
is advisable to always keep
items of food.
food covered.
As covered food
reduces the risk of
food poisoning.
Another example of a
carrier is

The female Anopheles

Mosquito
It carries the parasite of
malaria.
Another example of a
carrier is

It carries the
dengue virus.

The female Aedes

Mosquito
All mosquitoes breed in
water.
By Keeping
Hence, oneThe
should not let water
Surroundings Clean
collect
And Dry anywhere,
we can prevent
in Coolers, Tyres,
mosquitoes
Flower Pot [Link] breeding.
Module
8
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Common Human Diseases
Caused By Microorganisms
 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative Mode of
Human Disease
Microorgani Transmission
sm
Tuberculosis Bacteria Air

Mycobacteriu
m tuberculosis
 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air

Measles Virus Air

Rash
on
neck
and
face
Scatter
ed rash
on
body
 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air

Measles Virus Air

Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air

Measles Virus Air

Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

Polio Virus Air/Water

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air Keep the patient in

complete isolation.
Measles Virus Air

Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

Polio Virus Air/Water

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air Keep the patient in

complete isolation.
Keep the person
Measles Virus Air belongings
of the patient always from
those of the others.
Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

Polio Virus Air/Water

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air Keep the patient in

complete isolation.
Keep the person
Measles Virus Air belongings
of the patient always from
those of the others.
Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

Polio Virus Air/Water

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air Keep the patient in

complete isolation.
Keep the person
Measles Virus Air belongings
of the patient always from
thoseVaccination
of the others.
to be
Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact
suitable age.
give a
Polio Virus Air/Water
 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air

Measles Virus Air

Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

Polio Virus Air/Water

Cholera Bacteria Water/Food

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air

Measles Virus Air

Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

Polio Virus Air/Water

Cholera Bacteria Water/Food

Typhoid Bacteria Water

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air

Measles Virus Air

Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

Polio Virus Air/Water

Cholera Bacteria Water/Food

Typhoid Bacteria Water

Hepatitis A Virus Water

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air

Measles Virus Air

Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

Polio Virus Air/Water

Cholera Bacteria Water/Food

Typhoid Bacteria Water

Hepatitis A Virus Water

Malaria Protozoa Mosquito

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air Maintain personal and good

hygiene
sanitary habits.
Measles Virus Air

Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

Polio Virus Air/Water

Cholera Bacteria Water/Food

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air Maintain personal and good

hygiene
sanitary Consume properly
habits.
Measles Virus Air cook food.
Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact

Polio Virus Air/Water

Cholera Bacteria Water/Food

Typhoid Bacteria Water

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air Maintain personal and good

hygiene
sanitary Consume properly
habits.
Measles Virus Air cook [Link] boiled
Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact water. drinking
Vaccination.

Polio Virus Air/Water

Cholera Bacteria Water/Food

Typhoid Bacteria Water

Hepatitis A Virus Water

 Some Common Human Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Causative
Mode of Preventive Measures
Human Disease Microorgani
Transmission (General)
sm

Tuberculosis Bacteria Air Maintain personal and good

hygiene
sanitary Consume properly
habits.
Measles Virus Air cook [Link] boiled
Chicken Pox Virus Air/Contact water. drinking
Vaccination.
Use mosquito net and repellents.
Polio Virus Air/WaterSpray insecticides and control

Cholera Bacteria Water/Food breeding mosquitoes by not

allowing water to collect in the
Typhoid Bacteria Water surroundings.

Hepatitis A Virus Water

Malaria Protozoa Mosquito

Lecture_4
Module
9
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Disease - Causing
Microorganisms In Animals
• Disease - Causing
Microorganisms In Plants
 Some Common Animal Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Microorganisms also cause DISEASES IN
ANIMALS.
For Example Rabies – a disease that affects animals like Dogs,
and Foot and Mouth Disease That Affects Virus .
Rabies Cattle

Foot and
Mouth Virus

RABIES and FOOT and Mouth disease of

cattle are examples of animal diseases
caused by Viruses.
 Some Common Animal Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Microorganisms also cause DISEASES IN
ANIMALS. is a dangerous Human and Cattle Disease caused
Whereas,
by a Bacterium.
DISEASE CAUSING MICROORGANISMS IN
PLANTS

Several
microorganisms cause
diseases
wheat,
whea inpotato
rice,
rice,plants
potatolike
t,
DISEASE CAUSING MICROORGANISMS IN
PLANTS

Several
microorganisms cause
diseasesorange,
sugarcane,
sugarcane,in plants
orange, like
apple
apple
Some Common Plant Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Mode of
Plant Micro
Transmissi
Diseases organism
on
Citrus Bacteria Air
canker
Some Common Plant Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Mode of
Plant Micro
Transmissi
Diseases organism
on
Citrus Bacteria AirAir
canker
Rust of Bacteria Air,
wheat Seeds
Some Common Plant Diseases Caused by
Microorganisms
Mode of
Plant Micro
Transmissi
Diseases organism
on
Citrus Bacteria AirAir
canker
Rust of Bacteria Air,
wheat Seeds
Yellow vein Virus Insect
mosaic of
bindi (Okra)
Module
10
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Food Poisoning
 FOOD POISONING
Poisoning, as the name suggests,
FoodPoisoning
Food is The Disease
The Disease
that results
Consumption Of from the Consumption
Contaminated Food Of Contaminated Food.
 FOOD POISONING
SYMPTOMS of FOOD POISONING are
DEHYDRATIO
VOMITING
N
NAUSEA DIARRHOEA
SEVERE PAIN IN THE
ABDOMINAL REGION
DAMAGE TO THE NERVOUS
It may also cause
WEAKNESS FATIGUE and DAMAGE TO THE
FATIGUE
WEAKNESS,
SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM.
 FOOD POISONING
These symptoms arise due to The Presence Of Bacteria Or Other Microbes
The Presence Of Bacteria Or Other Microbes In
In Food
Due Or Due
To The To TheOf
Ingestion Ingestion Contained In Food (including
Of Toxins In
Toxins Contained Food
those produced byFood
bacteria).
 FOOD POISONING
Some bacteria like Clostridium and Staphylococci and Fungi like
Clostridium
Aspergillus cause food poisoning.

FOOD POISONING

Stomac
h
Food

Aspergillus

Clostridium

Staphylococci
 FOOD POISONING
Some bacteria like Clostridium and Staphylococci and Fungi like
Staphylococci
Aspergillus cause food poisoning.

FOOD POISONING

Stomac
h
Food

Aspergillus

Clostridium

Staphylococci
 FOOD POISONING
Some bacteria like Clostridium and Staphylococci Aspergillus
and Fungi like
Aspergillus cause food poisoning.

FOOD POISONING

Stomac
h
Food

Aspergillus
Aspergillus

Clostridium

Staphylococci
 FOOD POISONING
Food must be Properly
Properly Prepared and properly stored to
Prepared
prevent food poisoning.
 FOOD POISONING
Food must be Properly Prepared andStored
Properly Properly Stored to prevent
food poisoning.
 FOOD POISONING
Food poisoning can occur when food is leftFor
Unrefrigerated Unrefrigerated
Long PeriodsFor
Of Time
Long Periods Of Time.

e rat ed
ig
Refr

Unrefrigerated
 FOOD POISONING
Food poisoning can occur when food is left Unrefrigerated For
Long PeriodsMishandling
Sometimes, Of Time. also causes Food Poisoning.
Those who Handle or Prepare Food Should Wash Their
Hands,

To prevent Contamination Of Food.

Lecture_5
Module
11
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Food Preservation
• Chemical Method
• Preservation By Common Salt,
Sugar, Oil And Vinegar
FOOD PRESERVATION
Microorganisms Spoil Our Food.
Spoiled food Emits Bad Smell
and
Spoiling of food is
has a Bad Taste and Changed
a
Bad Smell Colour.
Chemical Reaction.

Changed Colour

Bad Taste
 CHEMICAL
METHOD
and Edible Oils are the common chemicals generally
Salts
used to check the growth of microorganisms.
We add Salt Or Acid Preservatives To Pickles to prevent the
Attack Of Microbes.
 CHEMICAL
METHOD
Sodium Benzoateand Sodium Metabisulphite are common
preservatives.
These are also used in the Jams and Squashes To Check Their
Spoilage.
 PRESERVATION BY COMMON
Common salt hasSALTbeen used to preserve Meat and Fish
for
Meatages.
and fish are covered with Dry Salt To Check The Growth Of
Bacteria.
 PRESERVATION BY COMMON
SALT
Salting is also used to preserve
Amla,Raw Mangoes,
Tamarind,
Amla, Raw Mangoes,
Tamarind, etc.
 PRESERVATION BY
SUGAR
and Squashes
Jams,Jellies are preserved by sugar.
Sugar Reduces The Moisture
Content Which Inhibits The
Growth Of Bacteria which
spoil food.
 PRESERVATION BY OIL AND
VINEGAR
Use of Oil And Vinegar Prevents Spoilage Of Pickles because
Bacteria Cannot Live In Such An Environment .
 PRESERVATION BY OIL AND
VINEGAR
Vegetables,Fruits,Fish,and Meat are often preserved by
this method.
Module
12
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Food Preservation
• Heat And Cold Treatments
• Storage And Packing
HEAT AND COLD
TREATMENTS

Boiling Kills Many

Microorganisms.
 HEAT AND COLD
TREATMENTS

We keep our food in the refrigerator.

Low temperature inhibits the
growth of microbes.
The milk is heated to and than suddenly
about 70°C for 15 to chilled and stored.
30 seconds
 HEAT AND COLD
By doingTREATMENTS
so, it prevents the Growth Of
Microbes.
Unpasteurised Pasteurised
This process was discovered by Louis
Pasteur.

It is called
PASTEURISATION
 HEAT AND COLD
TREATMENTS
Pasteurised milk can be consumed Without Boiling As It Is
Free From Harmful Microbes.
STORAGE AND PACKING
These days Dry Fruits and Vegetables are sold in Sealed
Air Packets to prevent the attack microbes.
Module
13
Microorganisms :
Friend And Foe
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Nitrogen Cycle
NITROGEN FIXATION

The bacterium called ‘Rhizobium’ is

involved in the Fixation Of Nitrogen in
Leguminous Plants (Pulses).
 NITROGEN FIXATION
Rhizobium lives in the Root Nodules of Leguminous
Plants,
such as Beans and Peas, with which it has Symbiotic
Relationship.
NITROGEN FIXATION
Sometimes nitrogen gets fixed through the Action Of
Lightning.
N N

N N N
N
N N
N N
NITROGEN FIXATION

But you know

Let us
that the amount
understand
of nitrogen in
the atmosphere
this in the
remains You may
next
constant. section.
wonder how?
 NITROGEN CYCLE
Our atmosphere has 78% Nitrogen Gas.

Nitrogen is one of the78%

Nitrogen essential
Nitrogen constituents of all living
organisms
Proteins
Nucleic part(DNA
asAcids and RNA),
of Proteins , Nucleic Acids (DNA
Chlorophyll Some and
Vitamins
RNA), Chlorophyll and Some Vitamins.
 N
2
N2 N2

NITROGEN CYCLE
N
2 The
Atmospheric
Nitrogen
N2
Cannot Be
N2 Taken
Directly by
plants and
animals.
NITROGEN CYCLE
Certain Bacteria
Once nitrogen is and Blue Green
converted Algae usable
into these presentcompounds,
in the soil Fix
it
Nitrogen From The Atmosphere and Convert It Into Compounds Of
can be Utilised By Plants From The Soil Through Their Root System .
Nitrogen.
N2 N2 N2

NO2 NO3
NO2 NO3
NO2 NO3
 NITROGEN CYCLE
Animals
NITROGEN is then
Feeding used
On Plants get these
for the
proteins
synthesis of
and
Plantother nitrogen
Proteins compounds.
and Other Compounds.
NO2

NO2 NO3

NO3 NO3

NO3
 NITROGEN CYCLE
These
When Converted
Plants and
Certain Other Bacteria
Nitrogenous
Animals Die, convert
Compounds some
Bacteria and part
areFungi
AbsorbedofBy in
Present The
Plants
The Soil
Again them to
From
Convert
TheThe
Soil and are
Nitrogenous
Nitrogen used
Gas forinto
Wastes
which their
goes various
intolife
Nitrogenous
back the
processes.
Compounds. atmosphere.

N N N
N
N
N N N
N
N N N
Thank You