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Topic 2.2 Immunity

The document outlines the body's defense mechanisms against infectious diseases, detailing three lines of defense: physical barriers, phagocytic white blood cells, and lymphocytes. It explains the roles of different types of lymphocytes, including B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes, in producing antibodies and responding to infections. Additionally, it distinguishes between active and passive immunity, highlighting their natural and artificial forms.

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25 views9 pages

Topic 2.2 Immunity

The document outlines the body's defense mechanisms against infectious diseases, detailing three lines of defense: physical barriers, phagocytic white blood cells, and lymphocytes. It explains the roles of different types of lymphocytes, including B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes, in producing antibodies and responding to infections. Additionally, it distinguishes between active and passive immunity, highlighting their natural and artificial forms.

Uploaded by

KassyKas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topic 2: Infectious Diseases

Immunity and Antibiotics


 Defence mechanisms:
1. Skin, mucous membrane
2. Phagocytic white blood cells
3. Lymphocytes
Immunity [Body’s Defense Mechanism]
 There are 3 lines of defense mechanism:
1. The body’s natural barrier [skin and mucous
membrane].
2. Phagocytic white blood cells.
3. Lymphocytes producing antibodies.
Physical barrier
A protective covering.
 Epithelia covered in mucus.
 Hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
 Blood clotting
Phagocytes
 Large white blood cells engulf foreign material.
 Neutrophils:
travel throughout the body and leaving by
squeezing through the walls of capillaries.
 Macrophages: large phagocytic white blood cells which
destroy pathogens.
Phagocytosis
 Process by which large particles are taken up by cells from
the cell surface membrane.
 Inflammation: result of the release of histamine which
causes dilation of blood vessels.
Lmphocytes
2 types of lymphocytes:
a. B-lymphocytes: remain in the bone marrow until they are
mature
and spread throughout the body.
b. T-lymphocytes: leave the
bone marrow and collect
in the thymus where they
mature.
a. Plasma cell
 Produce 2000 identical antibody molecules per sec.
 Primary immune response: responsible for immediate
defense of the body against infection.

b. B memory cells
 Live longer, remaining for months or years in the body.
 Secondary immune response: circulate in the blood and
tissue fluid. When the antibody returns, the body can
respond quickly.
T-lymphocytes
a. Killer T cells: attach to invading cells, destroy them and
attack any other foreign cells that may enter the body.
b. Helper T cells: involvement in the maturation of B cells and
triggering the production of antibodies by B cells.
c. Memory T cells: ensure a rapid response on subsequent
exposure.
Active and passive immunity
Natural Artificial
Inherited or acquired naturally Acquired by exposure to
causative agent
Passive Antibodies pass from mother Antibodies from a different
• to fetus via placenta. individual or organism are
Introduction of antibodies • to baby during suckling. injected.
from another organism’s E.g: colostrum.
immune system.

Short-lived
Active Antibodies acquired as a Antigens are injected or
result of a previous infection given by mouth as a vaccine.
The activities of an producing B lymphocyte Vaccine contain:
individual’s own immune memory cells, which are a. Dead pathogen
system. reactivated on the second b. Attenuated pathogen
infection. c. Genetically engineered
Long lasting antigens.

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