SKIN & APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
Presented by:
Dr. Pashmina Shaikh
Associate Professor
Department of Anatomy
OBJECTIVES
• At the end of class, students should be able to
• Describe the structure of skin
• Differentiate the layers of skin
• Describe the appendages of skin
SKIN
INTRODUCTION:
• Skin is the largest organ of the body. It
represents 16% of the total body weight.
• Human skin is only about 2 mm thick. Thickness
of the skin varies throughout the body.
• It depends on how much use we make of that
area. For example; it is thickest on the soles & it
is also thick on our palms.
FACTS ABOUT SKIN
• Surface area: 1.5-2.0 sq meters
• Thickness: 0.5-3.0 mm
• Growth rate of nail: 0.1mm per day
• Growth rate of hair: 1.5-2.2 mm per week
• Life span of hair:
Eyelashes, axilla- 4 months
Scalp – 4 years
Epidermis:
• Composed of keratinized
LAYERS OF THE SKIN
stratified squamous
epithelium.
Dermis:
• Papillary region composed of
loose connective tissue.
• Reticular region composed
of dense irregular
connective tissue.
Hypodermis:
• Composed of areolar tissue
with abundant adipocytes.
LAYERS OF SKIN
TWO LAYERS OF
SKIN:
• 1. Epidermis
• 2. Dermis
EPIDERMIS
• The epidermis is the most outer layer of the skin.
• This layer consists of many special cells, including keratinocytes and
melanocytes.
• KERATINOCYTES make a special fat which gives skin its waterproof
properties.
• MELANOCYTES produce melanin, which is a pigment giving us the colour
of our skin.
• Epidermis is continuously shed and replaced, every 15 - 30 days.
• On the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, the epidermis is
extremely thick, to withstand the wear and tear that occurs in these
regions. In other areas of the body, for example, on the anterior surface of
the arm and forearm, it is thin.
• The epidermis does not contain any blood vessels but is nourished by the
capillaries in the dermis below.
• Skin surface is not smooth. It
has ridges separated by
EPIDERMAL RIDGES furrows.
• Shape of epidermal ridges of
the palm & sole is of the
following shapes.
• ARCHES
• WHORLS
• LOOPS
• Theses shapes called as finger
prints or dermatographs
(medico legal important)
APPLIED ANATOMY
[Link] the skin is damage e.g.
ALLAH SAY’S IN QUR’AN
(BURNS )
“DOES MAN THINK THAT
The skin regenerates & the same pattern of
epidermal ridges are secured. WE CAN NOT ASSEMBLE
Stressing upon recreations of human beings HIS BONES. NAY,WE ARE
at the day of judgment. ABLE TO PUT TOGETHER
[Link] is the part of human microbiome IN PERFECT ORDER, THE
( microbial cloud)as “BECTARIAL SIGNATURE” VERY TIPS OF HIS
Forensic experts opinion that the bacterial FINGERS”
forensic will be the next contribution to (SURAH AL- QIYAMA,
crime fighting AYAH 3, 4)
The epidermis is sub divided into 5 layers:
• STRATUM CORNEUM (HORNY LAYER)
15-25 layers of dead, flat, keratinized squamous epithelial
cells, without nuclei.
Normally thin but thick over soles of feet and palms of the
hands.
Resists friction, waterproof, prevents water loss
• STRATUM LUCIDUM(CLEAR LAYER)
Only found in thick skin (palms and soles of the feet).
Resists friction, waterproof, prevents water loss.
• STRATUM GRANULOSUM (GRANULAR LAYER)
3-5 layers of keratinocytes containing keratin granules
They form keratin and expel lipids which stick the cells
together and form a waterproof barrier.
• STRATUM SPINOSUM (PRICKLY LAYER)
Usually the thickest layer of keratinocyte cells.
Also contains Langerhans cells.
Langerhans cells are part of the immune response
• STRATUM BASALE (BASAL CELLS)
A layer of cuboidal-shaped cells, lined up on a basal
membrane.
It contains stem cells, keratinocytes, and melanocytes
(pigment cells).
Keratinocyte cell division occurs here to replenish skin.
Melanocytes protect the skin from UV.
SPECIALIZED CELLS IN EPIDERMIS [Link]:
• Most common cells of the epidermis.
• Provides protection and waterproofing
sealant.
[Link]:
• Rounded cells with dendrite-like
branches.
• Present in Stratum basale.
• Produces melanin pigment responsible
for the color of skin that absorbs UV-
light.
[Link] Cells (antigen presenting cells):
• Present in Stratum spinosum.
• They participate in immune responses
against bacteria and viruses.
Merkel Cells:
• Found in Stratum basale.
• Sensory cells innervated by sensory
nerves.
• Abundant in fingertips, oral mucosa &
hair follicles.
• Function as mechanoreceptors.
DERMIS
• The dermis is the second major layer of the skin.
• It is a thick layer made up of strong connective tissue.
• It also plays an important part in controlling the skin temperature and acts as a cushion against
mechanical injury.
• The dermis is made up of a matrix of collagen, elastin and network of capillaries and nerves.
• THE COLLAGEN gives the skin its strength,
• THE ELASTIN maintains its elasticity and
• THE CAPILLARY NETWORK supplies nutrients to different layers of the skin.
• THE NERVES supplies sensation.
• The dermis also contains hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (produce sebum which
helps lubricate skin & hair) and nails.
• It shows considerable variation in thickness in different parts of the body, tending to be thinner on
the anterior than on the posterior surface.
• It is thinner in women than in men.
• The dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones by the superficial fascia,
otherwise known as subcutaneous tissue.
• The dermis is made up of 2 layers:
DERMAL RIDGES
This mechanism narrated
• The dermo epidermal
in QURAN AS, junction is wavy due to
JUST LIKE THERE IS
DARKNESS IN THE DEPTH
dermal ridges,
OF OCEAN AND THERE • Primary dermal ridges lies at
ARE SURFACE WATER
WAVES AND THAN dermo epidermal junction.
(DEEPLY) THERE ARE
WAVES OVER THE • Each primary ridges divided
WAVES,THERE IS into two secondary dermal
DARKNESS OVER THE
DARKNESS ridges .
SURAH AL –NOOR. AYAH 40
• These ridges protect the
skin from U/V lights.
APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
1. Hair follicle:
• Hair follicles are invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis.
• Hairs grow out of follicles.
• The follicles lie obliquely to the skin surface, and their expanded
extremities, called hair bulbs, penetrate to the deeper part of the
dermis.
• Each hair bulb is concave at its end, and the concavity is occupied by
vascular connective tissue called hair papilla.
• A band of smooth muscle, the arrector pili, connects the undersurface
of the follicle to the superficial part of the dermis.
• The arrector pili muscle is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers, and
its contraction causes the hair to move into a more vertical position.
• The arrector pili muscle also compresses the sebaceous gland and
causes it to extrude some of its secretion.
• The pull of the arrector pili muscle also causes dimpling of the skin
surface, so-called gooseflesh.
• Hairs are distributed in various numbers over the whole surface of
the body, except on the lips, the palms of the hands, the sides of the
fingers, the glans penis and clitoris, the labia minora and the internal
surface of the labia majora, and the soles and sides of the feet and the
sides of the toes.
• 2. Sebaceous Gland
• Sebaceous gland is a small, sac-shaped gland that releases oily
(fatty) liquids onto the hair follicle (the oil lubricates and softens
the skin).
• These glands are located in the dermis, usually next to hair
follicles.
• Sebaceous oil-secreting glands are found in all types of skin, all
over the body, and usually with a follicle.
• 3. Sweat Gland
• Sweat gland is an elongated tubular structure that originates in
the subcutaneous tissue beneath the dermis and extends up to the
surface of the epidermis, where it ends at either a pore or a hair
follicle.
• At its secretory base, the gland is coiled and bunched, but its
emerging duct straightens as it reaches toward the surface.
• The gland produces perspiration (sweat).
A sweat gland is one of two types:
• ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS:
• They open into pores.
• The eccrine glands are predominantly responsible for sweat secretion
and cooling the body.
• They are found everywhere on the body except the rim of the lips and
most of the penis.
• There may be as many as 2,000,000 to 5,000,000 eccrine glands in the
body, with the greatest accumulation on the palms.
• APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS:
• They open into and feed hair follicles.
• They are typically larger than eccrine glands and are more developed in
women.
• They are found in greatest number in pubic region and in the armpits.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
Protects our bodies from trauma.
Wound healing.
Acts as a barrier to bacteria and viruses.
Produces vitamin D, essential for growth and bone maintenance.
Prevents us absorbing and losing excess water.
Secretes waste products.
Regulates our body temperature (thermoreceptors, sweat, vasodilation).
Sense what is happening in our external environment (touch, pressure, heat).
Pigments as well as hair on our heads protect us from the sun.
Secretes sebum.
Advertises sexual maturity.
Disperses scents.
Rule of Nine: To estimate the
extent of damaged skin in
burn injuries.
• First degree burn- INVOLVE
only epidermis. STRATUM
GERMINATIVUM REMAIN
VIABLE
• Second degree burn-
epidermis + upper region of
dermis involve
• Third degree burn-
entire thickness of skin.
