SYNTHETIC
VACCINES
Presented by,
Presented To, Yash Magar
Dr. khushbu [Link]. MMSCT 3rd sem
• SYNTHETIC VACCINES
Artificial given substance that activate immune system or give it a temporary boost
Different types of vaccines include live but attenuated, killed, subunit, recombinant, DNA, and peptide.
• IMMUNIZATION
Process to start immune response by foreign substances.
It can be done actively or passively.
• Process of making antibodies against
pathogen by stimulating immune system.
ACTIVE • This process involves introduction of
weakened or dead from of pathogen in form
IMMUNIZATIO of vaccines in immune system.
• stimulate the proliferation of T and B cells,
N resulting in the formation of effector and
memory cells
• Vaccines against influenza, polio, and hepatitis
B are all examples of active immunization.
• Involves the transfer of antibodies
from one individual to another.
PASSIVE • Provide protection against a
particular disease
IMMUNIZATIO • Passive immunization can be achieved
through blood transfusions, immunoglobulin
shots, and certain medications.
N • Passive immunization can be used to treat
conditions like rabies, tetanus, and some
types of snake venom.
LIVE BUT
ATTENUATED
VACCINES Advantages
Provides long-lasting
immunity
Disadvantages
Reversion of virulence
• Are made from weakened forms of viruses requires a single dose Gene segment re-
or bacteria. assortment
• They are designed to be less harmful than closely mimics a natural Required high level bio-
infection safety
the natural virus or bacteria, while still
providing the body with the ability to
recognize and fight the pathogen.
• Examples of live but attenuated vaccines
include the measles, mumps, rubella,
varicella, and yellow fever vaccines.
KILLED Advantages Disadvantages
VACCINES No risk of causing the
disease
Requires larger
doses
• Are made from dead viruses or bacteria. multiple doses can be immunity can be
given weaker
• The virus is killed with heat or chemicals, preserving
the structure of the virus but preventing it from
Safe for weakened Expensive
causing infection. immune system
• They can provide protection against a wide
range of diseases and are usually used in
situations where there is a risk of infection
with a particular virus or bacteria.
• Examples of killed vaccines include the flu,
hepatitis a, and polio vaccines.
SUBUNIT Advantages Disadvantages
VACCINES Highly specific May require multiple
doses
• Are made from components of viruses or meaning only the parts of Weak immunogens
the virus that matter are
bacteria. included
• They are designed to target only the parts
of a pathogen that are necessary to trigger less risk of side effects. expensive
an immune response, while avoiding the
parts that can cause harm.
• Examples of subunit vaccines include the
hepatitis b and the human papillomavirus
(hpv) vaccines.
RECOMBINANT
VACCINES A D VA N TA G E S
Highly specific
D I S A D VA N TA G E S
Expensive to produce
• Are made from genetically engineered viruses very effective often require more than one
dose.
or bacteria.
• The genetic code for a piece of the virus is inserted into a safe for people with weakened
different organism, which then creates the piece that can immune systems.
be used for vaccination.
• They are designed to provide protection
against a wide range of diseases, including
hiv, malaria, and influenza.
• Examples of recombinant vaccines include
the hepatitis b, hpv, and rotavirus vaccines.
• This type of vaccine was first used to combat hepatitis b.
DNA VACCINES Advantages
Quick to manufacture
Disadvantages
Low humoral
response
• Are made from pieces of genetic material
from viruses or bacteria. highly specific
• The genetic code for a portion of the virus is inserted may not require a
into human cells, which then produce the viral piece booster shot
that stimulates an immune response.
• They are designed to trigger an immune
response without the need for a weakened
or dead form of the pathogen.
• Examples of dna vaccines include the
human papillomavirus (hpv) and influenza
vaccines.
IDEOTYPES IN VACCINES
• Ideotypes refer to a set of characteristics or traits necessary for a vaccine to induce a
protective immune response.
• Ideotypes help researchers identify the key features of a vaccine that promote a robust
and long-lasting immune response.
• By understanding ideotypes, vaccine manufacturers can design vaccines with specific
features that maximize their efficacy and safety.
THE NETWORK HYPOTHESIS
IN VACCINES
• The network hypothesis proposes that vaccines should induce a broad and
interconnected network of immune responses to provide maximum protection against
pathogens.
• The network hypothesis suggests that interconnected immune responses provide
redundancy and resilience to the immune system, making it better able to withstand
pathogen variability and mutations.
• Vaccines that induce interconnected, multifaceted immune responses are more likely
to provide broad and durable protection against infectious diseases.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF
THE NETWORK HYPOTHESIS
• The network hypothesis provides a roadmap for designers to create vaccines with the
most effective immune responses for a given pathogen.
• The network hypothesis suggests new ways to evaluate vaccines and predict their
efficacy in clinical trials.
• The network hypothesis may influence vaccine deployment strategies to maximize
their impact and coverage.
• THANK YOU
