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Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland produces essential hormones, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism, growth, and development. The synthesis of these hormones involves iodine uptake, iodination of tyrosine, and coupling reactions, followed by secretion into the bloodstream. Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by a feedback loop involving TRH and TSH, with clinical significance including conditions like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

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14 views11 pages

Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland produces essential hormones, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism, growth, and development. The synthesis of these hormones involves iodine uptake, iodination of tyrosine, and coupling reactions, followed by secretion into the bloodstream. Thyroid hormone secretion is regulated by a feedback loop involving TRH and TSH, with clinical significance including conditions like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Uploaded by

zia535637
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Thyroid gland

Introduction to Thyroid Hormones

Essential regulators of metabolism, growth, and development.


The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces two primary
hormones:
1. Thyroxine (T4) or thyroxin
2. Triiodothyronine (T3)
3. calcitonin
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
1. Thyroglobulin synthesis
2. Iodide trapping
3. Oxidation of iodide
4. Transport of iodine into follicular cavity
5. Iodination of tyrosine 6. Coupling reactions.
Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones

Location of Synthesis: Thyroid gland (in the follicles).


Key Steps in Hormone Production:
• Iodine Uptake: Iodine from the bloodstream is taken up by the thyroid cells.
• Iodination of Tyrosine: Iodine combines with the amino acid tyrosine to form
monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT).
• Coupling of MIT and DIT: The coupling of MIT and DIT forms T3, and the
coupling of DIT and DIT forms T4.
• Secretion into Bloodstream: T3 and T4 are released into the blood from the
thyroid follicular cells.
Sequence of Events
1. Follicular cell sends foot-like extensions called
pseudopods.
2. pinocytic vesicles
3. lysosomes
4. proteinases present in lysosomes digest (proteolysis)
the thyroglobulin and release the hormones.
5. Blood streams
Transport
1. Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
2. Thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA)
3. Albumin
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid
TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone): Secreted by the
hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary.
TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone): Secreted by the
anterior pituitary, stimulates the thyroid gland to release T3
and T4.
Feedback Loop: Elevated levels of T3 and T4 inhibit the
secretion of TRH and TSH, maintaining homeostasis.
Functions
Metabolic Regulation:
• Increase basal metabolic rate (BMR).
• Enhance the effects of catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline) to increase
heart rate and blood pressure.
Growth and Development:
• Essential for normal growth, development, and differentiation of
tissues, especially in the nervous system.
Thermoregulation:
• Increase heat production in the body (calorigenic effect).
Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism:
• Promote glucose absorption and utilization.
• Regulate lipid metabolism by increasing fat breakdown.
Clinical significance
Hypothyroidism:
Caused by insufficient thyroid hormone production.
Symptoms: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation, and
bradycardia.
Example: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune disease).
Hyperthyroidism:
Excessive production of thyroid hormones.
Symptoms: Weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, tremors, and exophthalmos.
Example: Graves' disease (autoimmune disorder).
Thyroid Disorders Diagnosis:
Blood tests to measure TSH, T3, and T4 levels.
Imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound, radioactive iodine uptake test).

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