U N I T XV
Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11th Edition
Chapter 84:
Sports Physiology
Slides by Robert L. Hester, Ph.D.
GUYTON & HALL
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Sports Physiology
• Muscle
– Strength
• proportional to x-sectional area
• testosterone increases x-sec by up to 40%
– Power
• Kg/Min
– decreases with time of work
– 8-10 sec 7000 Kg/min
– next min 4000
– next hr 1700
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Muscle
• Endurance
– largely a function of glycogen stores in muscle cells and liver
– dependent on diet
endurance (min) glycogen(g/Kg)
– hi carb diet 240 40
– mixed diet 120 20
– hi fat diet 85 6
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Endurance is Dependent on Diet
Figure 84-4; Guyton & Hall
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Muscle Metabolic Systems
Figure 84-1; Guyton & Hall
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Muscle Metabolic Systems
• phosphate
– enough stored for 8-10 sec max work
– can supply 4x ATP/min as aerobic
• glycolysis
– anaerobic
– strongly inhibited by low pH
– forms lactic acid
– can supply 2.5x ATP/min as aerobic
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Muscle Metabolic Systems
• aerobic can last indefinitely
• metabolic recovery
– lactic acid-->glucose-->glycogen
– oxygen debt
• restoration depends on carbohydrate in diet
– requires 48 hr
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Restoration of Glycogen is Dependent on Diet
Figure 84-3; Guyton & Hall
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Muscle Metabolic Systems
• Fast twitch--slow twitch
– Fast: 2x diameter
– Fast: 2-3x phosphagen & glycolytic rate
– Slow: more mitochondria, higher rate of oxidative
metab
– Slow: more myoglobin
– Slow: more capillaries
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Respiration
• O2 consumption--VO2--ml/min
– 250 ml/min at rest
– 3600 in untrained at max
– 4000 in trained at max
– 5100 in marathon runner at max
• VO2 max occurs when pulm ventilation at 60-70%
• training will increase VO2 max by only 10%
• blood gases in max work normal except for pH
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Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption
Figure 84-6; Guyton & Hall
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Cardiovascular System
• muscle blood flow
– resting = 3-6 ml/100g/min
– max work = 90 ml/100g/min
– results from vasodilation and increase BP
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Muscle Blood Flow and Exercise
Figure 84-8; Guyton & Hall
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Cardiovascular System
• Cardiac output
– resting = 5.5L/min
– max untrained = 23 L/min
– max marathon = 30 L/min
– VO2 max is limited by maximum cardiac output
– Cardiac output increase is a function of venous
return--blood vol. contractility
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Relationship between Work and Cardiac
Output and VO2
Figure 84-9; Guyton & Hall
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Increase in HR and SV with Increasing
CO
Figure 84-10; Guyton & Hall
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Heat
• heat production proportional to VO 2
– can increase as much as 20x
– damage at 106–108 F, 41–42 C
• neurologic
• temp control center fails
– treatment
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Fluid and Electrolytes
• Volume depletion
– venous return
– blood viscosity
• K depletion
– poor ability to conserve, low K diet
– impairs glycogen restoration
– reduces cardiac mechanical performance
• Na depletion
– rarely a problem with modern diet
– powerful Na conserving mechanisms
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Exercise Aids
• Oral glucose
• Steroids
• Growth hormone
• Erythropoietin
• Amphetamines
• Caffeine
• Bicarb
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Training Effect on Maximum VO2
Figure 84-7; Guyton & Hall
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VO2 max ml O2/Kg/min
Females
Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior
13-19 <25.0 25.0 - 30.9 31.0 - 34.9 35.0 - 38.9 39.0 - 41.9 >41.9
20-29 <23.6 23.6 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.9 33.0 - 36.9 37.0 - 41.0 >41.0
30-39 <22.8 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.6 35.7 - 40.0 >40.0
40-49 <21.0 21.0 - 24.4 24.5 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.8 32.9 - 36.9 >36.9
50-59 <20.2 20.2 - 22.7 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.7 >35.7
Males
Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior
13-19 <35.0 35.0-38.3 38.4-45.1 45.2-50.9 51.0-55.9 >55.9
20-29 <33.0 33.0-36.4 36.5-42.4 42.5-46.4 46.5-52.4 >52.4
30-39 <31.5 31.5-35.4 35.5-40.9 41.0-44.9 45.0-49.4 >49.4
40-49 <30.2 30.2-33.5 33.6-38.9 39.0-43.7 43.8-48.0 >48.0
50-59 <26.1 26.1-30.9 31.0-35.7 35.8-40.9 41.0-45.3 >45.3
60+ <20.5 20.5-26.0 26.1-32.2 32.3- 36.4 36.5 - 44.2 >44.2
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VO2 Max of Elite Athletes
Bjorn Daehlie Cross country skier 90.0
Miguel Indurain Cyclist (winner of Tour de France) 88.0
John Ngugi 5 times world cross country champ 85.0
Dave Bedford 10km World Record holder 85.0
Steve Prefontaine 1 mile in 3:54.6 84.4
Lance Armstrong Cyclist (winner of Tour de France) 84.0
Joan Benoit Marathon runner ([Link]) 78.6
Bill Rodgers Marathon runner ([Link]) 78.5
Sebastian Coe Middle distance (1 mile WR) 77.0
Grete Waitz Marathon runner (WR 1980) 73.0
Frank Shorter Marathon runner 71.0
Derek Clayton Marathon runner (WR 1969) 69.7
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