General

Concepts and
Historical
Development
Jianne Abigail M. Tejada, RN, MPH
 SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY
THROUGHOUT HISTORY
In the World: Ancient Ages

SCIENCE
 Comes from the word scientia meaning
“knowledge.”
 It is a systematized body of knowledge and
knowing how the world works.
 Early civilizations contributed to the development
of science and technology.
 The earliest civilizations of the world were born
along rivers because people needed fresh water to
 Mesopotamia
• The first recorded civilizations of the world existed in the region of Mesopotamia
around 3300-750 BC.
• From the Greeks means “between two rivers”, which signifies its location
within the Tigris-Euphrates river system.
• The region now corresponds to most parts of present-day Iraq, Iran, Syria,
Kuwait, and Turkey.
• Among the early civilizations that flourished in it were the Sumerian, Babylonian,
and Assyrian civilizations.

Sumerian Civilization
Sumer, now modern-day IRAQ.
- earliest known civilization in Mesopotamia.
- they called themselves “the black-headed people” and their land, in
cuneiform script, as “the land of the black-headed people”.
- they are known for inventing the cuneiform, one of the earliest
systems of writing, at around 3000 BC. It is characterized by wedge-shaped script
pressed into clay tablets and adopted by other surrounding civilizations until the
development of the Phoenician Script.
- They also built sailboats that allowed them to
travel by sea to trade goods with other neighboring
civilizations and made of planks of wood and sails
made of cloth.
- Wheel is another important invention of
Sumerians. The first used is for pottery in 3500 BC
and later for transportation in chariots in 3200 BC.
- The construction of high leeves or flood banks
to collect floodwaters coming from the Tigris and
Euphrates is proof of their ingenuity.
- They also the first civilizations to use plow for
digging and breaking hard soil to make planting
easy during the summer.
- They also the known for being the first
ASTRONOMERS. And they were able to develop a
Lunar Calendar that became the basis for having
12 lunar months in a year.
Babylonian Civilization
o The ancient city of Babylon served as the center of
Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia.
Babylon is known to be derived from bav-il or bav-ilim
meaning “ gates of the Gods.” It ruins lie in modern-day
Iraq.

o The many biblical references to Babylon reveal much

about it from the time of Hammarubi in 2000 BC to its
downfall around 500 BC.

o It is the first mentioned in Genesis 10, an account that

traces the genealogy of Noah’s three sons. Nimrod
(Genesis 10:8-10), who became a great warrior and built
a kingdom that included the city of Babylon.

o Genesis 11 tells the story of the Tower of Babel, a

structure that the Babylonians wanted to build “with its
tops in the heavens” to make a name for themselves. God
disrupted the tower’s construction by confusing the
language of the workers so that they could no linger
o Robert Koldewey – a German Archaeologist who directed
the excavation of babylon in 1899.

o Temple of Etemenanki – inspired the biblical story of the

Tower of babel, and Nebunhadnezzar’s palaces.

o Hanging Garden of Babylon – discovered of Koldewey’s

team with a basement with fourteen large rooms with stone
arch ceilings. It is believed that the Gardens were King
Nebuchadnezzar II’s gift to his homesick wife, Amytis.

The Babylonians adopted the number system of the

Sumerians and they were known for advancing the number
system that became the precursor of many present systems.
Archaeologists discovered the different ways that the
Babylonians used mathematics in their daily lives in cuneiform
tablets, dating back from 1800-1600 BC. Topics concerning
fractions, square and cube formulas, and the Pythagorean
Theorem were found written on the tablets.
observed the sun, moon, and stars to make astronomical
calculations and predictions that they recorded on clay
tablets. In some temples, they were able to record the
phases of Venus. They devised a lunar calendar similar to
that by the Sumerians and divided one year into 12 months
with each month divided into an alternate of 29 and 30
days. The Babylonians also invented sundials and water
clocks to determine time.
Africa
-Science and technology in the African region
are diverse, as Africans excel in various
fields such as agriculture, metallurgy,
engineering, textile production, and
medicine.
-Advancements in metallurgy and tool making
were made across the entirety of ancient
Africa by local craftsmen for hunting and
defense. These arrays of tools included
bows, arrows, knives, and axes. Villagers
also dug pits lined with poison-tipped
stakes, where animals as big as elephants
were captured.
-Scientific achievements emerged at least
40,000 years ago.
 Ancient Egypt
-it was Africa’s most famous civilization which was born along the
Nile River and provided rich soil for agriculture.
-the land of Egypt was known as Kemet, meaning “Black Land,”
because of the rich dark soil along the river.

Canal for irrigation – one of the first scientific innovations of

this civilization and other agricultural needs.

Plow -they use and further develop it to make farming easier, for
it helped in cultivating the soil for the planting of different
crops.

Shadoof – an irrigation tool composed of a pole and a bucket

used to lift water.

Egyptians are also known for inventing breath mints from

frankincense, myrrh, cinnamon made into pelletes, and
discovering honey.
Pyramids- served as tombs for the kings and queens of Egypt.
Egyptians believed that after death, the soul lives on as an
immortal entity. Death was not the end but a transition from one
state to another and this was the reason why they practiced
mummification – to preserve the body to be recognized by the
soul.

Djoser- the pharaoh of the third dynasty of the Old Kingdom, built
the first Step Pyramid in Saqqara designed by Imhotep, his
architect and physician.

Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure – were also constructed during

the reign of Djoser and the great pyramids.

Papyrus- used by the Egyptians as a writing surface.

Ancient Egypt was also responsible for cosmetic

inventions including wigs and make-up as seen in their pictograms
and hieroglyphics.

Imhotep- As a physician, he wrote texts describing more than

200 diseases and their corresponding treatments.
Indus Valley Civilizations
-it was an ancient civilization located in present-day Pakistan and
Northwest India. It was a Bronze-Age civilization and the
largest of the four urban civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia,
South Asia, and China.

-the 4,600-year-old city of Mohenjo-Daro.

-they introduced new techniques of metallurgy (bronze, tin,

copper, and lead) and handicraft (seal, carving, and carnelian
products).

-Their cities are well known for having well-organized and baked
brick houses and clusters of large non-residential buildings,
a complex drainage system, and a sophisticated water
storage system. People who resided here also developed
accurate weighing systems and measurements for trade and
a writing system consisting of 250 to 500 characters.

-they are also known for their advanced agricultural practices.

 Ancient China
-known to be one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations of
the world.

-”China” derived from the Sanskrit Cina from the name of the Qin
Dynasty, pronounced “Chin.” The Greeks and the Romans
called China Seres meaning “the land where silk comes
from.”

-it has a very long and rich history of science and technology. It
made important advancements in science, technology,
mathematics, and astronomy.

-China was the first to record astronomical phenomena such as

the solar eclipse and one of the few to witness a guest star
supernova at 1054 BC that created the Crab Nebula.

Abacus- the counting device developed by the Chinese between

1000BC and 500BC, it was used not only for counting but also
for basic and complex mathematical operations.
Movable printing press – created in 960 AD. The production
of printed works flourished around the world.

Porcelain –a famous invention from China. A type of ceramic

clay pottery used to craft vases, plates, cups, and decorative
furniture.

Silk- Originated from China as early as the Chinese Neolithic

period.

Sericulture- the cultivation and production of silk-was refined

and mastered.

Silk Road- a network of trade routes that connected different

countires.

Gunpowder- initially used for fireworks and also one of the

popular creations of Chinese Taoist alchemists who mixed sulfur,
charcoal, and potassium nitrate in hopes of creaing a potion for
immortality in 142 AD.
Aegan Civilization
Ancient Greece – between 800 BC and 500 BC after the so-called
Greek Dark Ages.

Greece- the country in Southeastern Europe also known

as Hellas or Ellada, which is “Greece” in Greek.
-is characterized by the expansion of villages and
the development of marketplaces and meeting places.
Commercial sea trading was the primary source of income.

Greek Philosophy – the most renowned contribution of the

Greeks to Western Civilization. Philosophers such as Pluto,
Aristotle, and Socrates questioned human existence and
how the world came to be. These philosophers and many who
came after them denied the explanation of religion,
superstition, and myths in decoding the human condition.
Rational thought replaced the unscientific common notions
society then clung to, and their minds were opened to new
possibilities.

Advancement in mathematics and science soon emerged in

understanding of reality.

Thales of Miletus- the first Western philosopher and

mathematician, became popular for his precise
prediction of the solar eclipse on May 28, 585 BC. His
other contributions were the calculation of the height of
pyramids, description of the position of Ursa Minor, and
the founding of the Milesian School.

Hippocrates – “Father of Western Medicine”

-made big leaps in the field of medicine by
observing wounded soldiers, the veins and arteries of
the body and by determining the correlation of diet and
lifestyle to disease.

Hippocratic Oath- Formulated after his death is an

oath of ethics taken by physician and medical
practitioners to promise to uphold values and ethics in
the practice of medicine.
from water were used to grind grain.

Perachora- it was Philo’s wheel the pioneering

invention that contributed to the creation of water
mills. Aqueducts- also constructed at this time for
water management in Samos and Athens.

Ctesibius water alarm clock– known for

developing the water clock or clepsydra. It worked
by using water dropping and clay vessels to track
time. And also used bells that were supposed to be
hit by dropping pebbles in order to make sounds.

Odometer - Attributed to Archimedes of

Syracuse During the first Punic War.
- it was used to measure the distance
covered by vehicle. It has since paved the way for
the advancement of transportation and construction
of roads.
Ancient Rome
-Originally a small town near the Tiber when Augustus
Caesar became its 1st Emperor.
-borrowed and enriched the culture of Greece and
became a powerful empire, encompassing most of
continental Europe, Britain, Western Asia, the
Mediterranean, and Northern Africa.
-Romans took pride in their technological advancements
that were lost in the Middle Ages though many of
their innovations were adopted from the earlier
Greek period.

Galen- from Pergamum (present-day Turkey), was the

1st to describe and diagnose symptoms of different
diseases and their corresponding treatments.

Rectal speculum, bone levers, and cupping

vessels- Surgical instruments that used by Roman
aqueducts-some parts of which were submerged in water.

Appius Claudius Caecus- 1st Roman aqueduct called Aqua

Appia in 312 BC. It transported water to Rome from different
bodies if water, and was the precursor of Rome’s developed
sewage system, sanitation management, and public baths.

The Romans also constructed great architectural feats, two of

which are the:
Colosseum- the largest amphitheater ever built, and;
Pantheon- a former Roman temple.

Ballista- used to penetrate enemy frontiers of the Romans.

Greek fire- adopted from Greeks, was a combustible weapon
capable of propelling bombs at the opponent.

The fall of the Roman emoire is still up for debate among

many historians. Although they generally agree on the year of
the fall-476 AD. Ending classical antiquity and marking the
beginning of the new era in world history called the “Dark
Ages,” otherwise known as the “Middle Ages.”
Mesoamerica
-a historical region and cultural area in North
America that spans territories from Mexico to
Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and el Salvador.

Olmec civilization- the earliest known

Mesoamerican civilization. Established in the
northeastern part of Mexico at around 1,200 BC.

Maya, Aztec, and Inca- other early Mesoamerican

civilization, existed around about 900 to 1,500
AD and thrived until the arrival of the Spanish
conquistadors in Mexico.
Maya civilization
Maya people were considered many scholars as one of the most
scientifically advanced individual in Mesoamerica.

Maya hieroglyphics – called of writing system with 1, 000

characters of Maya civilization.
Codies- most Maya texts written on tree bark that contained
records of the Maya culture, rituals, and scientific
observations.

Maya- also known for pictorial scripts (glyphs) inscribed on stone

monuments, many of which still exist today and remain
indecipherable.

Dresden codex- One of the three texts that were salvaged and it
contains accurate predictions of solar eclipses, celestial
writings, and astronomical tables of the Maya.

The knowledge of the Mayan people in astronomy and

mathematics enabled them to refer to the 365-days solar
year and 260-day sacred year annual cycles. These two
Aztec and Inca
Civilization
- Persisted for two hundreds years before the
Spaniards conquered their lands. The Aztecs
thrived in the capital city of Tenochtitlan,
present-day Mexico City, where they built
chinampas or artificial islands. Similar to the
Maya, the Aztecs were able to predict
astronomical events and performed celestial
observations.
- Sun Stone with the image of the Aztecs sun
god at the center is one of the notable
artifacts.
- they also advanced in terms of their
established cultural and social system,
particularly in the context of education and
religion.
known as great and innovative engineers. They
had an elaborate system of roads from mountains
to valleys. They built bridges over bodies of water
and canals for irrigation. Their architectural
buildings, which still stand today, were designed to
be robust and pleasing to the eye. In medicine,
they performed cranial surgeries (trepanation) and
amputation for injured warriors. They also
produced textiles: tunics, long shirts, and delicate
clothing. They also had musical instruments such
as flutes, drums, panpipes, and horns.

Quechua- Inca’s Official language, which is still

spoken by natives today.

Quipu- also developed and a set of strings used

for recording information such as tax records,
census records, and calendar information.
In the World: Middle
Ages
-usually associated with the time when people were
seen as tasteless, vulgar, and old-fashioned.
-many innovations from the Roman empire were lost
during this time, it still boasts of many valuable
inventions and technological advancement,
some of which are considered to be the
touchstones of many innovations of the present.
-it also known as the Dark Ages due to the invasion
of various Germanic tribes on the previous
domain of the Roman Empire.
-many scholars discourage using the term “Dark
Ages” because it implies a time devoid of
progress and innovation.
-it is generally believed to have coincided with the
fall of the Roman Empire.
Alaric I- King of the Visigoths-one of the many
Germanic tribes of Northern Europe- invaded Rome
thrice, which was critical to the fall of the empire.
- appointed Magister Militium meaning
Master of the Soldiers. And planned to attack
Constantinople but was distracted after knowing
that he would not receive subsidies for his tribe
from the Romans. After this, the eventually fall of
Emperor Valens of the Western Roman Empire
forced Rome to be gradually overrun by the
Germanic invaders including the Vandals, Gepids,
Ostrogoths, and Visigoths.
- scholars believe that the Middle Ages
lasted from the 6th century up to the end of the
15th century. It is split into three different periods:
early, high, and late middle ages.
Byzantine Empire
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, only the Eastern
part remained with Byzantium as its capital. It was
later renamed Constantinople when it was captured by
Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century (320-330).
The very notion of calling it the Byzantine Empire was
based on the need to identify its distinct qualities at the
time.

The peak of the Byzantine Empire was witnessed during

the rule if Emperor Justinian who was able to reclaim
the land invaded by the various Germanic tribes. It was
considered the restoration of the empire of Rome,
which gave birth to various social, political, economic,
and military reforms.

After Emperor Justinian’s rule, the byzantine Empire slowly

declined and lost its acclaim throughout the old world.
Notable weapons utilized by this empire include
the Greek Fire and the Handheld Trebuchet.

Handheld Trebuchet – also called the

cheiromangana, was made as an alternation of
the counterweight trebuchet.
-it is a type of catapult that uses as siege
engine in its mechanism to throw a projectile.
-this was well-regarded during the middle ages
because of its efficiency in warfare.

Tidal mill- one of the various inventions during

the Middle Ages and like a water mill, uses
running water to grind grains. It derives its
power from the rise and fall of the tide. One f
the earliest tide mills was discovered in
Northern Ireland.
 Islamic Empire
During the Middle Ages, it grew as one of the largest
empires in history. This was estimated to have lasted
from the mid-7th to the mid-13th century. Various
artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers,
geographers, and traders in the Islamic world of this
time became notable for their innovations in the
fields of science and technology. Islam has been
instrumental in the study and development of Science
in the region.
Koran- the holy book of the Muslims which encouraged
the development of Science by allowing believers to
seek knowledge and observe nature for signs of Allah
through scientific study. Muslims scientists played a
significant role in the development of the modern
scientific method by placing more emphasis on
observation and experimentation than the Greek.
Early Islamic teaching encouraged the development of
Papermaking technologies spread to different parts of
the world during the Middle Ages. The Arabs
improved upon Chinese techniques by using starch
instead of mulberry bark, considering the growing
preference for using pens rather than brushes for
writing .

Around the 8th century, The House of Wisdom in

Baghdad was built-a result of translations of Greek
and Syriac texts to Arabic. Belonging to the Abbasid
Caliphs, the house of Wisdom housed a community
of intellectuals and scientists, and researches on
alchemy, astronomy, medicine, philosophy, and
optics.

Ptolemy’s Al-Magest- One of the first works to be

translated into Arabic which described an Earth-
centered universe.

Golden Age of Islamic Science- began in the 8th

In the field of medicine:
Mathematician Ibn Al-Haythan or Alhazen – the
foundation for modern optics when he applied the
scientific method for his optic experiments.
-devised the Laws of Refraction and performed
experiments on the dispersion of light into its
component colors.
-Book of Optics had a great influence on Western
science
also known as the ”Father of Modern Optics”

Abu Ali al-Hussein Ibn Sina- also known as

Avicenna, a physician and philosopher who wrote
al-Qanum fi ak-Tibb or The Canon of Medicine. This
medical encyclopedia was the 1st to describe the
anatomy of the human eye and recognize the
contagious natures of tuberculosis and meningitis.
Abu Qasim Khalaf ibn Abbas Al Zahrawi or simply
Al Zahrawi- recognized as the “Father of Surgery”
and considered the greatest surgeon of the Middle
Ages.
-as the court physician during the Golden Age of
Arab Spain, he was able to write the book Al Tareef
Liman ‘Ajaz’ Aan Al-Taeleef or The Clearance of
Medical Science for Those Who Cannot Compile.

Algebra –known to be developed by Persian scholar

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi as
manifested in his book, Al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab
al-jabr wal-muqabala or The Compendious Book on
Calculation by Completion and balancing.

Al-Biruni- a mathematician, astronomer, and

geographer who devised a method of determining
the radius of Earth by observing the height of the
mountain in Nandana (now in Pakistan). Also
proposed the theory of the earth rotating on its axis
Jabir ibn Hayyan – known as the “Father of
Chemistry”, is believed to have authored a
multitude of books on alchemy, cosmology,
astrology, medicine, mysticism, and
philosophy.

The Golden Age of Islamic Empire began to

decline in the 13th century because of the
attacks of European Crusaders and the
Mongols.
Medieval Europe
 Around the 8th century, Charles the Great or
Charlemagne, asisted by the English monk Alcuin
of York, founded the Carolingian Empire that
forged the Carolingian Renaissance.
 Numerous scientific innovations are known to have
occured after the decline of the Carolingian Empire.
The rise and fall of various Germanic kingdom in
Western Europe and the Viking Age (793-1006 AD)
were notable key points in the changing geopolitical
landscape of Europe.
 The Vikings, while known to be cruel
warriors,pillagers, and skillful navigators, are also
credited for a number of technological
advancements, particurlarly in warfare and
navigation.
 The axe was the most commonly used weapon of
the Vikings both for battle and as a tool.
 Magnetic compass also developed by the Vikings
which uses the Sun to help them navigate the seas.
 Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned
by the Latin Church to curb the spread of the Islamic
faith in Europe.
 in 1095, Pope Urban II of the Latin Church of
Western Europe gave a sermon at the Council of
Clermont emphasizing the importance of reclaiming
the territories of Palestine and Jerusalem from Muslim
occupation.
 In 1096, Europe launched the First Crusade against
the Muslims.
 Crossbow - the weaponry invented during the First
Crusade which was considered an essential weapon
in battle. And popularly throughout the late 11th
century up until the early 13th century.
 The improvement of agricultural technology and
practices, an example of which is the three-field
system, improving the lives of many Europeans.
 In the early 12th century, the realms of scientific
 Aristtole’s works, Physics, and Metaphysics, arrived
in the 12th and 13th centuries. The most known
translator works of Aristotle were Averroes (1126-
1198) and Williams of Moerbeke (1215-1286).
 Astronomer Claudius Ptolemy’s Geography was
also translated into Latin during this period which
inspired Christopher Columbus to pursue his
exploration of the New World.
 Works of mathematician Euclid and Archimedes
were also rediscovered with the help of Latin
translations. Euclid’s work Elements of Geometry
documents his conceptualization of the Pythagorean
Theorem as well as Archimedes’ Work is two of the
various texts translated into Latin and made more
accessible to many scholars.
 Studium Generale- the first medieval universities
that emerged during the High Middle Ages at the
beginning of the 13th century. This establishment
also allowed European and Muslim scholars to meet
and exchange ideas.
 The two main religious orders throughout Europe:
-Franciscans founded by St. Francis of
Assisi in 1209
-Dominicans were founded by St. Dominic
in 1215.
 Albert Magnus, Robert Grosseteste, and Roger
Bacon belong to either the Franciscan or
Dominican order.
 Roger Bacon- a friar-scholar and contributed to
the development of one of modern-day science’s
greatest tools-the scientific method.
 Opus Majus- an 800-page book, Bacon described a
repeating cycle of scientific inquiry that took the
following steps: (a) observation, (b) Formulation of
hypothesis, and (c) experimentation.
 Alchemy- is an ancient branch of natural
philosophy that mainly seeks to convert base
metals into noble metals such as gold.
 Astrology- establishes the connection between
 The 14th century ushered in the Late Middle
Ages, also known as the period characterized by
intellectual progress.
 European universities began maturing, notably
the University of Paris, and Oxford University.
These universities largely contributed to the
production of scientific knowledge in the 17th and
18th centuries.
 Nicholas Oresme was a mathematician who
was able to establish the mean speed theorem
or theorem on uniform acceleration.
 John Buridan also a mathematician developed a
theorem that described how a body in motion
continues to stay in motion through the body’s
intrinsic and natural quality which he called
impetus.
 Scientific and technological innovations of the
late Middle Ages include spectacles (a precursor
to modern eyeglasses), windmills, magnets
(which lead to the development of the world’s
In the World: Modern
Ages
Renaissance
-from the 14th century to the 17th century marking
the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity.
-it is a France word that means “rebirth.”

 Printing press- Johannes Gutenberg’s invention

around 1440 became pivotal to the development
of mass media.
-known as a goldsmith during his time who
used his expertise in metalwork, was the creator of
the first movable printing press. The renowned
writers and artists of the Renaissance were Dante,
Petrarch, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and
Raphael.
• Dante is known as the” Father of Italian Poetry”
for his magnus opus The Divine Comedy.
• Francesco Petrarca- commonly known as
Petrarch , rediscovered Greek and roman classics
and was hailed “The Father of Humanism.”
• Leonardo da Vinci- a painter, sculptor, and
scientist known for his works Mona Lisa, Vitruvian
Man, and The Last Supper.
• Michaelangelo- famous for painting the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican with scenes from
the Book of Genesis.
• Raphael- an Italian painter and architect and
known for embodying both the clear arrangement of
elements and clarity of form as seen in his
paintings, The School of Athens and The Sistine
Madonna.
• Scientific Revolution- a series of events that
marked the rise of modern science during the early
modern ages.
• Nicolaus Copernicus- the proponent of the
heliocentric theory that went against the general
belief that the Earth is at the center of the universe.
• Sir Isaac Newton- who eradicated all doubts of
heliocentrism’s validity through a mathematical
description of the motion of the Earth and other
celestial bodies around the Sun.
• Fuel – began during this period due to the demand
for mass production. Fuel from coal was used to
convert raw materials to manufacture different
products. In England and Northern Europe, coal has
been mined since the 13th century for household
fuel.
• Blast furnace- a type of metallurgical furnace
liquefies iron that runs directly into the mold which
creates various materials.
• The rise of the textile industry was evident in the
production of high-quality fabrics such as cotton,
silk, figured fabrics, and tapestries and began in the
Middle Ages.
• Sheep Farming- was popularized because it
required less human effort and provided larger
yields of food to support the growing population.
• Navigation and Expedition-contributed greatly to
exploration of more territories and trade with other
nations.

• Christopher Columbus- an Italian explorer and

navigator who explored Africa and the East.

• Anal for inland transport – began the

construction during this period through it made less
progress in early modern times than sea transport.

• Masts, sails, and sternpost rubber-the various

inventions for maritime transport. Aside from great
ships such as Henry VIII’s Great Harry, merchant
ships became common with the rise of ship building
in Europe, particularly in Italy.

• Mariner’s compass, quadrant, and forestaff

were among the instruments developed for
navigation and voyages.
Industrial Revolution
 Began in 18th century, a period characterized by the
shift from agricultural process to urbanized and
industrial processes.
 Machineries and factories rose in order give way for
mass production.
Arnold Toynbee
-one who popularized the term “Industrial Revolution”.
-this revolution is the “substitution of competition for
the medieval regulations that previously controlled the
production and distribution of wealth” (1884).
 England is the 1st country to be industrialized.
 France also leading in establishing industries in 18 th
century because of its formidable political, military,
and economic power.
 Industrialization spread from England continental
Europe and North America
 Factory system was implemented to increase the
 Iron and Steel Industry

-Technologies of the 18th and 19th centuries involved the

use of raw materials such as iron and steel in the
development of machines and infrastructures.

Tobern Bergman- a Swedish metallurgist, discovered

the important role of carbon in steel in1750.

Henry Bessemer and William Kelly- improved the

method of manufacturing steel from iron. Kelly
experimented on the manufacturing of steel using less
charcoal. Bessemer patented the same invention and
was able to produce steel stronger than the cast iron.

Robert Mushet – a Welsh metallurgist discovered an

alloy of iron that combined carbon and manganese with
the formed iron.
 Textile Industry

-it went through important changes during the Industrial

Revolution.

John Kay-in 1733 he invented the flying shuttle to

increase the output for yarn.

James Hargreaves- Also developed the spinning

jenny also called Saxon Wheel in 1764.

Richard Arkwright- Patented a textile machine

powdered by water and not by hand called water
frame. He developed the machine to cater the spinning
of multiple threads in 1769.

Samuel Crompton- invented the spinning mule,

which combines the features of the spinning jenny and
water frame.
Edmund Cartwright- created the power loom
for spinning and weaving in 1787 to increase the
production of cotton from plantations in England.

Eli Whitney- invented a machine called cotton

gin in 1793 and multiplied the amount of cotton
that could be cleaned, which increase the
production of cotton for textile.

Thomas Saint- a cabinet maker, submitted a

patent for a mechanized sewing machine in 1790

Barthelemy Thimonnier – a French tailor,

invented the chain stitch machine in1829.
 Transportation Industry

Steam engine- one of the most important invention during

this period by Englishman Thomas Newcomen. His goal is
to prevent flooding in the Cornwall mines.

Pressure cooker- developed by Denis Papin utilized the

principle with Newcomen.

John Calley-together with Newcomen they developed an

engine based on the piston that was more efficient but
used a lot of energy.

James Watt- perfect and patented the steam engine that

produced the needed power without consuming too much
fuel in 1765.

Matthew Boulton- an industrialist, became interested in

the invention and partnered with Watt.

th
Richard Trevithick – developed the first locomotive, an
engine or rail transport vehicle and it was named the New
Castle.

George Stephenson- considered to be the “Father of

Railways,” designed an effective locomotive called the
Bluncher that was used to tow coal in Northumberland in
England.

In 1825, Stephenson together with his brother Robert

improves locomotives into Locomotion No. 1 that manage
to go at 12 miles per hour. Stephenson also built Rocket, a
locomotive that could go 30 miles per hour, for the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway company.

Robert Fulton- utilized the steam engine from Boulton

and Watt and developed the North River Steamboat,
which was later on called Clermont in 1807.
 in the 18th and 19th
century
 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb- begin in 18th
century he made noteworthy progress in the field of
physical science when he published a series of
studies on electrodynamics, which later on culminated
into Coulomb’s law.
 Joseph Priestley - discovered oxygen gas by
collecting colorless gas from heated mercury in 1774.
-oxygen was named by French Scientist Antoine
Lavoisier.
 Lavoisier - “Father of Modern Chemistry” when he
published his research on the Law of Conservation
of Mass.
 John Dalton- had proposed the Atomic Theory in
1803 which primarily states that all matter is
composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.
 Hans Christian Oersted – discovered that electric
 Michael Farady- this discovery will help him to
construct his 1st crude electric motor in 1821. He
also conducted experiments on electromagnetic
induction in 1831and published two volumes of
book on electricity.

 James Clerk Maxweel – he had managed to

formulate a theory on electromagnetic radiation
which poses that light, magnetism, and electricity
are variations in manifestation of the same
phenomenon and published in1865, A Dynamical
Theory of Electromagnetic Field. In 1873 he had
published A Treatise in Electricity and Magnetism,
a two-volume discourse on electromagnetism.

 George Johnstone Stoney-proposed a theory that

electrons have fundamental quantities of electricity
in 1874.

 William Crookers- discovered cathnode rays in

 Eugen Goldstein – discovered the positive particles
called protons from a tube filled with hydrogen gas.

the latter part of the 19th century, x-rays, electrons, and

radioactive elements were discovered.

 William Roentgen- discovered X-rays accidentally

while doing research on cathode rays in 1895.
 J.J. Thomson- discovered electron when he placed
Crookes’ Tube within the magnetic field in 1897.
 Henri Becquerrel- Discovered radioactivity which
was later on expounded by Marie Curie and Pierre
Curie.
 Marie Curie discovered the radioactive elements in
uranium, thorium, radium, and polonium from he late
19th century until the early 20th century.
 Telegraph and wireless communication became
widespread in the late part of the 19th century.
 Alexander Graham Bell- filed a patent for the
telephone because of his success in developing a
means to exchange message in real time through
electric current.

Other inventors improved and upgrades the telegraph

system including Elisha Gray, Philip Reis, and
Thomas Edison.
In the field of biology;
 Carolus Linnaeus- “Father of Taxonomy” developed
a system of naming organism called the binomial
nomenclature. He known on his works Species
Plantarum (1753) and Systema Naturae (1758) that
list down every species of plant known at the time
and laid down the Linnaean Taxonomy.
 James Hutton – proposed that there are still gradual
mechanism on Earth that explain the variability of
fossils.
 George Cuvier- a pioneer in the field of
Paleontology, thus study of fossils, proposed the
 Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck-a French naturalist,
proposed the Theory of Acquires Characteristics
through Use and Disuse, also known as the Theory
of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics in 1809.

 Charles Darwin- published his work explaining

the variability of living organism entitled On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or
the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle
for Life in1859.

 Alfred Wallace –research entitled On Tendency of

Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original
Type was published in the same year.

 George Mendel- “An Austrian Monk and known as

the “Father of Genetics”, wrote a paper on his
experiments on breeding pea plants which he
conducted from 1856 to 1863. However , his work
was not truly appreciated until the 1900s, long after
 Science and Technology
in the 20th century
 Quantum Theory-in 1900 originated by Max Planck
 Theory of Relavitity- in 1905 by Albert Einstein.
Einstein also explained the phenomenon called
photoelectric effect where electrons are released
from materials when hit by lights.
 Quantum Mechanism- in 1926 was proposed by
Erwin Schrodiinger that enabled scientist to develop
semiconductors and atomic powder.
 Robert Goddard-in the same year he launched the
1st successful rocket at a farm near Auburn,
Massachusetts.
 James Chadwick- discovered the neutron in the
nucleus of an atom.
 Oswald Avery- in 1944 he discovered that the genes
and chromosomes are carried by DNA cells
 Francis Crick and James Watson- proposed the
double helix model of the deoxyribonucleic acid
or DNA, which depicts the double-stranded
appearance of DNA, opposite each other.
 Alexander Fleming- discovered penicillin in
1928, a drug against bacterial infection caused by
staphylococci and streptococci.
 Howaed Florey and Ernst Chain-discovered the
1st antiobiotic in year 1945.
 Niels Jerne- expounded the anti-body formation
process in 1955 that state that the body has its
own antibodies that could fight antigens.
 Jonas Salk-developed the 1st polio vaccine
 Albert Sabin- improved the Salk’s work in 1961
and produced the oral polio vaccine.
 Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo-Discovered the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1983
which led to the awareness of the cause of
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
and measure needed to avoid containing HIV.
 The 1st cloning in animals, through a sheep named
Dolly, was successfully performed before the end of
the 20th century. It was a huge success in the field of
genetic research that Gregor Mendel pioneered in
1866.

 The 1st manned engine-powered aircraft flight was

launched by Orville and Wilbur Wright in 1903.

 Automobile- the 1st production of it was launched

by Henry Ford in 1908.

 Sputnik -the 1st artificial satellite launched by

Soviet Union in 1957 and instigated the 1st manned
space flight in 1961. National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) spearheaded the
space programs Mercury and Apollo.

 Apollo 11- landed on moon in year 1969.

Computer and the Age
of Information
The invention of computer from the early systems of
calculating of Charles Babbage in 1812
significantly made an impact on how the world
progressed in the age of technology.
American mathematician Claude E. Shannon, he
formulated his ideas on digital communication and
published his work, A Mathematical Theory of
Communication. He is known as the “Father of
Information Theory”. he worked with Warren
Weaver, American mathematician and Scientist to
formulate the Shannon-Weaver Model of
Communication. It also called the “Mother of all
models”.
The Transactional model involves both the sender
The interactive model operates similarly to the
transactional model.
The use of a transmitter by the Shannon-Weaver model
revolved around the idea of pulse-code
modulation (PCM), a binary and digital way of
transmitting analog-type [Link] was British engineer
Alec H. Reeves who adapted the use of PCM
Technology for voice communication. In 1938 and
1939, he was granted French and British patents,
respectively, for his PCM machine. His machine was
then used by Bell Laboratories where Shannon also
worked.
Bell Laboratories was responsible for developing
SIGSALY- a secure speech system during World War
II. It also known as the Green Hornet, X System,
Project X, and Ciphony I, was in service from 1943 to
1946. as a secure speech system, it used a highly
secure one-time pad (OTP) encryption.
Between 1936 and 1937, English mathematician Alan
Turing introduced the universal Turing machine
German civil engineer and entrepreneur Konrad Zeus
devised the world’s first programmable computer
between 1936 to 1938. the Z3, was the first Turing-
complete digital computer to be created, which
became operational in 1941.

John V. Atanasoff, with the help of his graduate student,

Clifford Berry, created the first electronic digital
computer called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer
(ABC). Its method of storing data known as the
dynamic random-access memory (DRAM or
RAM).

In 1942, Perry Crawford , a graduate student at MIT,

described in his thesis, entitled Automatic control by
Arithmetic Operations that a magnetic drum could be
used to store electronic digital information.

Engineering Research Associates (ERA)- pioneering

computer firm in 1950s used parts of captured
Tommy Harold Flowers, a British Post Office employee,
invented the world’s first programmable electronic
computer in 1943 called Colossus.
the Harvard Mark 1, a general-purpose
electromechanical computer devised by Howard
Aiken and built by IBM in 1944, was able to
compute and prints mathematical tables.
The creation of the Small-Scale Experimental
Machine (SSEM), nicknamed the Machester Baby
Computer, was spearheaded by English engineer
Frederic “Freddie” Calland Williams in 1946 and
English mathematician and computer scientist Tom
Kiburn in 1947.
William Shockley and his team of engineers were the
first to commercially mass-produce transistors. In
1957, members of his team, later called the
“traitorous eight,” founded their own company named
Fairchild Semiconductors. Engineers from the
same company also eventually left to start their own
companies, such as Advance Micro Devices (AMD)
In 1948, the International Business Machines
Corporation (IBM) built the 604 Electronic
Calculating Punch. It was a computer capable of
performing basic mathematical operation hundreds of
times faster that earlier IBM machines. By December
1957, IBM used the 604 model as a basis to create the
608 model, the first solid-state computer available
on the commercial market. American engineer Jack
Kilby is credited fro being the first to create and
patent the integrated circuit (IC) chip. This chip
was patented in 1959 under the title of a
miniaturized electronic circuit. ICs are integrated
to modern day technology, for they serve as the
“brain” of computers and cellular phones.
By 1961, IBM released the 7030 Data Processing System
known as the IBM Stretch computer. It was the first
IBM supercomputer that ran completely through
transistors. The first commercially viable storage
device was the floppy disk that was originally
designed by IBM. By 1977, floppy disk gained
Russell was granted a patent for his invention in 1970
which was licensed by Sony and Phillips in the
1980s.

During the Cold War, ARPANET or Advanced Research

Project Agency Network was created in 1969. in
the 20 years of its operation ARPANET
decommissioned in 1990. When it was
decommissioned in 1990, internet replaced it. It is a
collection and interconnection between and among
numerous networks from around the globe. The world
wide web (www) was created in 1989by Tim
Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist and
researcher at the Conseil Europrrn pour la Recherche
Nucleaire (CERN) in Geneva, [Link] 1980
Berners-Lee also establish groundbreaking concepts
related to the WWW including HyperText MarkUp
Language (HTML), Uniform Resource Identifier/
Uniform Resource Locator (URI/URL), and
In 1991, the web was opened to the public and allowed
to engage in the newly formed web communication. To
properly identify each individual device connected to
the internet, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses were
used.

From the 1990s onward, the internet and the many

protocols and system that allow it to run have ushered
in revolutionary technological advancements that are
used up to this day.
 Thank
you!!
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